莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正
 | 此條目目前正依照其他维基百科上的内容进行翻译。 (2024年2月13日) |
莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正 | |
|---|---|
| Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht – Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit（德語） | |
 莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正标志 | |
| 简称 | BSW |
| 主席 | 莎拉·瓦根克內希特 阿米拉·穆罕默德·阿里 |
| 总书记 | 克里斯蒂安·雷耶 |
| 創始人 | 莎拉·瓦根克內希特 阿米拉·穆罕默德·阿里 克劳斯·恩斯特 克里斯蒂安·雷耶 卢卡斯·舍恩 阿里·阿尔-戴拉米 |
| 成立 | 2024年1月8日 |
| 分裂自 | 左翼黨 |
| 总部 | 柏林克劳森街9—10号 |
| 党员 （2025年1月） | 1200[1] |
| 意識形態 | |
| 政治立場 | 左翼至极左翼 |
| 歐洲議會黨團 | 无所属 |
| 官方色彩 | |
| 聯邦議院 | 0 / 630 |
| 聯邦參議院 | 5 / 69 |
| 州议会 | 47 / 1,898 |
| 歐洲議會 | 5 / 96 |
| 州长 | 0 / 16 |
| 官方网站 | |
| bsw-vg | |
| 德國政治 政党 · 选举 | |
莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正（德語：Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht – Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit），简称瓦盟（BSW），是德國的一个左翼保守主义政黨，成立於2024年1月8日。该党的前身是2023年9月26日成立的同名註冊協會。
瓦盟成立之初，其支持率稳定5%联邦议会门槛以上，但在2025年德国大选前支持率滑落，最终得到了4.97%选票，距离突破5%门槛差仅13000票。因此在新一届联邦议会中没有席位。
歷史
[编辑]2024年1月8日，瓦根克內希特聯盟正式成立，並同日公佈該黨於2024年歐洲議會選舉的首席候選人。[10]
2024年1月27日，聯盟召開首次大會，並選出執行委員會、通過該年歐洲議會選舉政綱草稿。[11]
意识形态和纲领
[编辑]学术和媒体描述
[编辑]瓦根克内希特联盟被描述为民粹主义[12][13]、社会主义[4]、经济社会主义[5]、反资本主义[14]、左翼保守主义[5]、文化保守主义[15]、社会保守主义[16]、反移民[21]、左翼民粹主义[2]、左翼民族主义[3]、欧洲怀疑主义[6]。多被描述为左翼保守主义是因为该党在经济上持左翼至极左翼立场，而在某些社会文化议题上采取保守主义立场[22]。 沃特曼认为这种立场在反建制和右翼倾向的选民中颇受欢迎[23]。根据沃德瑞斯、马奇和皮蒂拉斯在《英国政治与国际关系杂志》发表的研究，瓦根克内希特联盟被归类为欧洲激进左翼的一部分，该党源于左翼党内部由瓦根克内希特领导的“改革共产主义者”派别，该派别与民主社会主义多数派存在冲突[24]。
对于将该党描述为“极右翼”或“社会右翼”的说法，政治学家索斯藤·法斯指出，瓦根克内希特即使在左翼党内，仍然是一位具有左翼特征的政治家。他评论说：“我对此会保持一些谨慎，因为这显然是一个左翼计划。这绝不是一个代表右翼立场的政治家。”[25] 艾科·瓦格纳将瓦根克内希特联盟描述为一个“社会经济左翼和社会文化右翼的政党”，并将其归类为左翼威权主义[26]。索斯藤·霍尔茨霍伊泽将该党归类为“融合型”，认为该党并非传统的左翼或社会主义政党，而是代表了一些社会民主主义、保守主义甚至秩序自由主义的立场[27]。但是哈友·冯克反对将瓦根克内希特联盟归类为“融合型”或“右翼”，认为该党“务实、社会和经济上倾向左翼，并且注重和平政策”。冯克还质疑“左翼保守派”这一标签，认为该党在移民问题上做限制的保守立场反映了“现有民主党派的共识”[28]。
抛开左右翼的分类，历史学家伊科·萨沙·科瓦尔奇克提到瓦根克内希特联盟的威权国家思想。瓦根克内希特的共产主义政治背景决定了该党的基本政治理念和目标，这些理念是反民主的[29]。科瓦尔奇克写道，瓦根克内希特联盟追求一个强大、威权的国家，“控制、照顾并统一社会”，这吸引了东德地区那些政治理念受民主德国影响和支持“强大国家”的人群[30]。
在左右翼政治光谱中，该党被普遍认为是一个极左翼政党[31][5][32][33]。它也被描述为硬左翼[34]。一些人认为该党是左翼[13][35]，另一些人则认为该党在社会文化议题（如移民）上持保守立场[22]；这种立场组合被用来与荷兰社会党和希腊共产党等旧左翼政党进行比较[5]。贝尔法斯特女王大学政治学讲师萨拉·瓦格纳研究了瓦根克内希特的政治崛起，她说：“我们无法确切地知道有多少人认同左翼保守主义价值观。但我们可以说这是重要的群体。我们以前从未在德国政党中见过这种组合。[5]”基民盟的卡斯滕·林内曼称瓦根克内希特为“左翼和右翼极端主义者”以及“共产主义者”。《卫报》将该党描述为“结合左翼和右翼政策[...]其竞选主张包括提高养老金和最低工资，同时限制气候保护措施并加强庇护规定”[36]。
政策和政治立场
[编辑]瓦根克内希特联盟的政治立场包括进一步限制移民、推动去全球化、反对绿色政治、结束对乌克兰的军事援助，并寻求通过谈判解决俄乌战争。瓦根克内希特认为自己的党派主要反对联盟90/绿党。在接受《南德意志报》采访时，瓦根克内希特表示，她的党“显然不是右翼”，而是左翼，即“争取更多社会公正、良好的工资、体面的养老金”，并且主张“外交政策应回归缓和的传统，而不是越来越依赖军事手段”[37]。然而，瓦根克内希特没有在新党命名中使用与左翼相关的名称，她说道：“今天很多人将它与完全不同的内容联系起来”，以及与“精英主义的辩论”挂钩，并表示瓦根克内希特联盟将吸引“广泛的潜在选民群体”[38]。瓦根克内希特认为，左翼党已变得过于社会自由主义化，称其为“左翼生活方式”，而非传统的左翼，并指责该党内的进步派人士过于专注于饮食、代词和种族主义的认知，而忽视了贫困和贫富差距日益扩大的问题[5][13]。
瓦根克内希特联盟支持经济干预主义和更大的社会福利保障，这些将由富人提供资金，资产和遗产应被抽出[39]。瓦根克内希特发布了一份五页的宣言，重点关注桥梁和道路的恶化、手机信号差、网速慢和不堪重负的行政部门等问题。该党声称代表低收入者的利益，支持“以公共福利为导向的政治”，即福利将高于“自私的利益”。瓦根克内希特联盟强烈批评日益严重的社会不公、跨国公司的权力和影响力，以及德国税收体系，认为它是不公平的。该党呼吁国家干预，以应对主导市场的大公司和侵犯权益的“数字垄断者”，如亚马逊、脸书、微软和苹果等，该党认为大公司破坏了民主，必须被解体。该党拒绝市场经济，谴责它是一个导致通货膨胀、财富集中于少数人手中的经济制度，还是一个导致公司获得创纪录红利的制度和“食物周济库前排队的人越来越多”的制度。该党致力于再分配政策，表示“再分配从辛勤工作的人至到上层的1万人”。为此，瓦根克内希特联盟提出了对富人增加税收、解体和去中心化大公司，以及制定反游说法[40]。
该党的经济主张包括脱离资本主义制度、财富再分配和经济干预主义。该党经济政策的核心主题是社会公正，它自称是穷人的捍卫者，提议采取社会措施保护弱势群体。它主张经济应以“共同利益”为导向，倡导公平的工资政策和广泛的社会保障体系。对瓦根克内希特联盟而言，目前财富不平等的主要原因是新自由主义改革和全球化，它们将经济导向低薪的基础服务行业，这些行业成为了大多数工人的职业。这也标志着“知识型社会”的出现，这种社会由精英大学毕业生组成，他们并未经历经济困境。根据瓦根克内希特联盟的说法，市场和竞争不再有效，因为“金融集团”巩固了权力，并将他们的规则强加于社会，从而“摧毁了民主”。该党主张建立一种新的经济体系，在这种体系中，市场将受到严厉限制，过去主导市场的集团将被解体[41]。
文化议题
[编辑]该党被认为持有一些文化保守主义的立场，例如反对非法移民、反对觉醒文化，对性别包容、包容性语言和跨性别权利持有怀疑态度[42]。该党将其反非法移民立场表述为保护德国福利国家的一种方式，认为福利国家需要社会团结来运作，而大规模的非法移民会破坏这一点。瓦根克内希特表示：“福利国家越强大，就必须有更多的归属感。因为如果人们与那些领取社会福利的人没有任何联系，那么他们最终会拒绝为这些福利买单”[43]。
《时代周报》将瓦根克内希特联盟描述为“高度民粹主义的政党”，并将其意识形态称为“带有保守色彩的左翼民粹主义”。这一评价基于该党在以下方面的立场：对难民和移民问题采取的限制性态度；以民族国家为实际参考点的社会政策；以及一种不回避为威权国家（如普京领导的俄罗斯）辩护的和平主义。同时，该党还拒绝一切觉醒文化和大城市文青主义[44]。
瓦根克内希特认为，支持非法移民是一种“市场自由主义”的立场，而不是左翼立场，她认为：“安格拉·默克尔的基督教民主联盟代表灵活性、经济自由主义、全球化和大量移民，即一种削弱社会凝聚力和有价值的相互联系的政策，这些联系曾经为人们提供安全感和支持。”瓦根克内希特联盟认为，非法移民是剥削性的，因为它对原籍国来说是净损失，视之为“富裕国家从人力资源中获取好处的便捷方式”。同时，瓦根克内希特联盟认为，非法移民降低了德国的生活质量，不仅因为社会福利支出，还因为学校和住房的名额不足。对于瓦根克内希特而言，福利国家基于公民的忠诚和他们缴纳税款的意愿，“如果国家公民与非公民之间不再有任何区别，国家自然也不再有责任以特殊方式保护其人口”。结果是福利和社会支持的消亡[45]。
该党对德国语言中性别包容性修改提出强烈批评。瓦根克内希特认为，虽然每个人“都应该以自己的方式生活”，但德国存在一个问题，即“传统家庭的人不再感受到尊重，而白人、男性和异性恋的群体几乎不得不为此道歉”。她支持在学校和公共机构实施“性别禁令”，以巴伐利亚州长马库斯·泽德通过的法案为例，强制使用传统的德国语法来表示性别[46]。该党还反对放宽法律对于改变性别的规定；瓦根克内希特认为这样的法律“将父母和孩子变成了一个只对制药游说集团有利的意识形态实验对象”[43]。
瓦根克内希特将自己的左翼党派与那些“生活方式左翼”区分开来，这种“左翼”关注身份政治和“道德优越感”，却忽视了蓝领工人和贫困群体。她认为，主流左翼党派已经抛弃了“全球化制度下的失败者”，即那些因移民压力和海外市场竞争处于不利地位的工人。瓦根克内希特认为这种“生活方式左翼”是欧洲右翼民粹主义崛起的主要原因：
左翼自由主义的傲慢滋生了右翼在政治领域的胜利。右翼的攻击越激烈，左翼自由主义者就越觉得自己立场正确。纳粹反对移民？那么，任何批评移民的人都必然是隐秘的纳粹分子……社会民主党和左翼党非但没有拿出吸引多数人的政策，反而帮助了德国选择党取得选举胜利，使其成为领先的“工人政党”。他们也以一种完全屈从的方式接受了绿党作为思想和政治的先锋。这使得左翼失去了独自赢得多数的机会。[45]
瓦根克内希特联盟指责其他左翼政党存在精英主义和新教育特权，称它们已被城市学术界主导，不再代表社会中的低收入阶层。该党强调国家团结，将“某地人”（指感到与特定国家和地区有联系的工人）与“任何地方人”（全球化精英）进行对比。该党强调传统的家庭价值观和地方认同，批评社会进步主义是市场自由主义政策的延伸，认为这些政策“削弱了社会凝聚力和过去为人们提供安全感和支持的重要相互联系”。
可再生能源与核能
[编辑]瓦根克内希特联盟还关注能源政策，认为仅靠可再生能源无法满足能源需求；该党建议除了可再生能源外，还应投资核电站[47]。该党认为，尽管关心环境问题，但德国经济以工业为主，能源供应无法仅依靠可再生能源保障，某种程度上应该容忍传统燃料的使用[48]。
瓦根克内希特批评朔尔茨内阁剥夺了德国经济对廉价俄罗斯天然气的依赖，却没有提供其他可负担得起的替代能源；同样，瓦根克内希特联盟批评欧盟的供暖法和计划禁售内燃机汽车，瓦根克内希特将这些政策描述为“对公民财富和财产的攻击；这些政策考虑不周、制定粗糙，在气候政策方面毫无用处”。该党反对绿色政治和绿色能源，认为这些是“盲目、杂乱的生态主义行动，让民众的生活成本更加昂贵，却对气候没有任何实际影响”[49]。
对中政策
[编辑]瓦根克内希特联盟被描述为亲中国政党[50]。该党也强烈支持中国共产党的经济和工业政策，称其为“管理国民经济的典范”。该党强烈批评德国军队参与中国南海问题，反对在该地区部署军舰，并呼吁进行谈判[51]。
欧盟与全球化
[编辑]瓦根克内希特联盟对全球化和欧洲一体化持高度怀疑态度，批评欧盟容易受到游说团体影响，其决策体系不民主，并且经济上对低收入阶层不公平[52]。
该党反对欧盟扩张，包括反对乌克兰加入欧盟，称乌克兰可能成为纳税人的“无底洞”[53]。
巴以冲突
[编辑]在以色列与哈马斯的冲突中，瓦根克内希特将加沙地带描述为“露天监狱”[54]。在2024年8月的一次采访中，她表示：“我将始终捍卫以色列的生存权。以色列确实有自卫权，尤其是面对哈马斯在10月的可怕袭击。但在加沙地带的破坏行动早已不再是自卫。”她还表示停火是必要的[55]。
俄罗斯与乌克兰
[编辑]瓦根克内希特联盟的外交政策被认为是亲俄主义的[56][57][58]，这一点遭到了部分人的批评[59][60][61]，但瓦根克内希特否认了这一点[12]。在2024年2月俄罗斯反对派政治人物阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼去世时，瓦根克内希特评论道：“阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼的早逝令人震惊。尽管目前仍不清楚普京的批评者死于何种原因，但有一点是明确的：纳瓦尔尼是今天俄罗斯专制体制的受害者。[62]”
瓦根克内希特联盟也被描述为反北约[63]。该党批评向乌克兰及其支持者提供武器，认为北约加剧了俄乌冲突[64]。瓦根克内希特认为，战争是由“北约扩张主义”和“西方国家不愿响应普京的谈判意愿”所引发的；瓦根克内希特联盟拒绝对俄罗斯实施制裁，认为这些制裁会使工人阶级陷入经济困境[65]。该党将北约描述为“军事主义、帝国主义的典范联盟”[66]。2024年12月，瓦根克内希特宣布：“我谴责这场战争。”她认为“发动战争的政治人物，这同样适用于弗拉基米尔·普京[...]是罪犯”[67]。
在2024年春季的两次采访中，瓦根克内希特将她呼吁的乌克兰与俄罗斯之间的和平谈判与一个提议相联系，即俄罗斯占领乌克兰地区的居民应在联合国监督下就其国籍进行公投。她还描述了和平协议可能的内容，她认为中国、土耳其或法国可以作为担保国，如果俄罗斯破坏和平协议，担保国承担向乌克兰提供安全保障或军事援助的义务。她还呼吁利用格哈德·施罗德与俄罗斯总统普京进行通话来促进谈判[68][69]。2024年6月，她为瓦根克内希特联盟议员未出席乌克兰总统泽连斯基在德国联邦议会的演讲辩护，称乌克兰战争是北约和俄罗斯之间的“代理战争”[70]。
政治制度
[编辑]2024年12月，德国联邦议院决定更好地保护联邦宪法法院免受政治攻击。为此，法院的结构（16名法官和两个参议院）被纳入基本法[71]。多数政党（社民党、联盟党、绿党、自民党、左翼党）都投了赞成票，只有极右翼的选择党和左翼的瓦根克内希特联盟反对。
瓦根克内希特联盟认为执政党（即社民党）担心的是他们将在2025年联邦议院选举中受到惩罚，并表示将法院结构纳入基本法是“非民主的”[72]。
政党结构
[编辑]理事会
[编辑]在该党的第一次会议上确定了理事会人选，莎拉·瓦根克内希特和阿米拉·穆罕默德·阿里被选为主席。[73]。
各州协会
[编辑]以下的州协会被建立：
| 州协会 | 主席 | 建立时间 |
|---|---|---|
| 勃兰登堡州[74] | Robert Crumbach | 2024年5月25日 |
| 萨尔州[75] | Astrid Schwamm Randolf Jobst | 2024年3月22日 |
| 萨克森州[76] | Sabine Zimmermann Jörg Scheibe | 2024年2月24日 |
| 图灵根州[77] | Katja Wolf Steffen Schütz | 2024年3月15日 |
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Mitgliederentwicklung 2024: Grüne und CDU legen zu. Süddeutsche Zeitung. Berlin. 2025-01-11 （德语）.
Eine besondere Rolle nimmt das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (BSW) ein. Die Partei gründete sich im Januar 2024, der Berliner Landesverband erst Mitte Juli. Unter den 44 Gründungsmitgliedern auf Bundesebene waren 15 Berlinerinnen und Berliner, inzwischen sind es 115 von bundesweit rund 1.200.
已忽略未知参数|trans-quote=(帮助) - ^ 2.0 2.1
- Caddle, Peter. Ex-AfD members joining new German left-wing populists' party 'unimaginable', says its chairwoman. Brussels Signal. 2023-10-25.
- Systems, Eulerpool Research. Linkspopulistische "BSW"-Partei formiert sich [Left-wing populist "BSW" party forms]. Eulerpool Research Systems. 2024-01-09 （德语）.
- Wagenknecht-Partei laut erster Umfrage bei zwölf Prozent – Koalitionen schwierig [Wagenknecht party at twelve per cent according to first poll - coalitions difficult]. Der Standard. 2023-10-24 （德语）.
Die Umfrage bestätigt allerdings, was bisherige Befragungen schon deutlich gemacht hatten: dass eine linkspopulistische Bewegung unter Sahra Wagenknecht das Potenzial hat, die Parteienlandschaft in Deutschland massiv aufzumischen.
- Münchau, Wolfgang. Sahra Wagenknecht's new left-populist party should be taken seriously. New Statesman. 2023-10-25.
- Scally, Derek. German Linke rebel walks out to form new left-wing populist party. The Irish Times. 2023-10-23.
- ^ 3.0 3.1
- Ziedler, Christopher. Vermögenssteuer statt Zuwanderung: So sieht Wagenknechts links-nationales Angebot aus [Wealth tax instead of immigration: this is what Wagenknecht's left-wing nationalist offer looks like]. Der Tagesspiegel. 2024-01-21 （德语）.
- Lentsch, Josef. How the nationalist left could succeed in Germany: Sahra Wagenknecht's breakthrough. PartyParty. 2023-10-19.
- Nieuwe 'anti-woke' partij in Duitsland kan rekenen op veel stemmen [New 'anti-woke' party in Germany can count on many votes]. Nieuw Rechts （荷兰语）.
Met haar links-nationalistische focus kan Wagenknecht stemmen winnen bij zowel linkse als rechtse kiezers die ontevreden zijn over de huidige politiek in Duitsland.
- Fix, Liana; Kapp, Caroline. Why Vladimir Putin Is Embracing Germany's Far Right. The Atlantic. 2023-10-31.
To make things worse, a new nationalist left-wing party just launched by the charismatic politician Sahra Wagenknecht echoes some of the AfD’s positions on Russia.
- Tomlinson, Chris. New Left-Wing Nationalist Party May Not Run in German State Elections. The European Conservative. 2023-12-29.
- ^ 4.0 4.1
- Alipour, Nick. Ziel Europawahl: Wagenknechts neue Partei will mit EU-Kritik triumphieren [Aiming for the European elections: Wagenknecht's new party wants to triumph with EU criticism]. EURACTIV. 由Carmen Diaz Rodriguez翻译. 2023-10-24 （德语）.
Ihre Mischung aus sozialkonservativer und sozialistisch orientierter Wirtschaftspolitik sei bei Anti-Establishment- und rechten Wählern beliebt, sagte der Politikwissenschaftler Constantin Wurthmann kürzlich in einem Interview mit Euractiv.
- Müller-Vogg, Hugo. Stimmen zur neuen Wagenknecht-Partei [Voices on the new Wagenknecht party]. Focus. 2023-10-24 [2023-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30） （德语）.
Nationalismus scheint für Wagenknecht nicht mehr, wie bisher, der böse Gegner zu sein, sondern Mittel und Zweck, um Menschen für ihre Art von Sozialismus zu mobilisieren. National und sozialistisch, gepaart mit einer einzelnen Person als Dreh- und Angelpunkt, dazu noch eine Entourage aus im Bundestag bisher weitestgehend Ausgegrenzten, man könnte auch schreiben: Claqueuren, Spinnern und Querulanten.
|work=和|website=只需其一 (帮助) - Koydl, Wolfgang. Sahra Wagenknechts neue Partei ist ein Ein-Frau-Projekt. Ohne sie verpufft es rückstandslos. Kommt das gut? [Sahra Wagenknecht's new party is a one-woman project. Without her, it will fizzle out without a trace. Will that work?]. Die Weltwoche. 2023-10-23 （德语）.
Hier national, dort sozialistisch – kein Wunder, dass die Medien Sahras Bündnis verschreckt dann doch lieber «linkskonservativ» nennen.
- Tutt, Cordula. Die Kritikerin des Kapitalismus [The critic of capitalism]. Wirtschaftswoche. 2023-10-23 （德语）.
Die Wirtschaftspolitik der neuen Partei dürfte nach innen eher sozialistisch ausgerichtet sein. „Soziale Gerechtigkeit“ wollen zwar so ziemlich alle Parteien in Deutschland, doch verstehen sie Unterschiedliches.
- Foster, John. When Left is Right: The Sahra Wagenknecht Experience. The Battleground. 2023-11-03.
To be fair, Wagenknecht is still a socialist. But what sort of socialism? The kind obsessively focused on questions of the national.
- Casdorff, Stephan-Andreas. Sahra Wagenknecht gründet ihre Partei: Die Vergangenheit lässt grüßen [Sahra Wagenknecht founds her party: The past sends its regards]. Der Tagesspiegel. 2024-01-08 （德语）.
Dazu Wagenknecht mit ihrer Ausstrahlung, verbal-radikal sozialistisch, wenn es (ihr) passt, mit kühler Rhetorik gegen die da oben und die Ampel-Koalition – und es wird ungemütlich für Rechte und Linke.
- Quadbeck, Eva. Wagenknecht unter Zugzwang [Wagenknecht under pressure to move]. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland. 2023-09-12 （德语）.
Inhaltlich muss man sich eine solche Partei schillernd wie ihre Anführerin selbst vorstellen, wechselnd zwischen links- und rechtspopulistischen Tönen: national in der Außen- und Migrationspolitik, sozialistisch in der Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik, konservativ in der Gesellschaftspolitik und russlandfreundlich.
- Lachniet, Manfred. Maaßen: "Wahlergebnis weit hinter den Erwartungen zurückgeblieben". Junge Freiheit. 2024-09-02 （德语）.
Die sozialistische Wagenknecht-Partei habe einen medialen Rückenwind genossen und verfüge über eine gänzlich andere organisatorische und finanzielle Ausgangssituation.
- Eckner, Constantin. What the AfD's 'historic victory' means for Germany. The Spectator. 2024-09-02.
The party was handed a boost by Sahra Wagenknecht’s decision to quit the far-left party Die Linke and set up her own alliance. Wagenknecht’s newly-formed outfit has adopted anti-immigration policies and promoted a rather conservative worldview. At the same time, Wagenknecht still represents socialist positions in socio-economic matters.
- Mehrer, Angela; Puglierin, Jana. War, peace, and populism: How Germany's extremist parties are shaping its foreign policy debate. Note from Berlin. European Council on Foreign Relations. 2024-09-10.
The socialist and culturally conservative Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – only founded in January this year – came third in both states, winning more votes combined than the parties of the governing “traffic-light” coalition.
- Anheier, Helmut K. Will the German Center Hold?. Project Syndicate. Berlin. 2024-09-05.
Such historical references probably carry little weight with AfD voters or those who cast ballots for the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), a pro-Russian, anti-American socialist movement that is willfully oblivious to the atrocities committed by Russian President Vladimir Putin’s army in Ukraine.
- Hoff, Henning. The Self-Declared "Stability Anchor" Looks Adrift. Internationale Politik. Berlin. 2024-09-20.
The heated political situation, however, underpinned by strong showings in recent regional elections by the far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and, to a lesser extent, the new nationalist, pro-Russia, anti-immigration with socialist economic policies Sahra Wagenknecht Movement (BSW) has caused the government to act chaotically.
- Stock, Oliver. "Bunte sozialistische Wundertüte": Was Unternehmer von Sahra Wagenknechts Wirtschaftsprogramm halten. Business Punk. 2024-10-14 （德语）.
Wie jede sozialistische Partei möchte sich auch das BSW das Recht vorbehalten, selbst über Subventionen zu steuern, umzuverteilen und zu privilegieren.
- Alipour, Nick. Ziel Europawahl: Wagenknechts neue Partei will mit EU-Kritik triumphieren [Aiming for the European elections: Wagenknecht's new party wants to triumph with EU criticism]. EURACTIV. 由Carmen Diaz Rodriguez翻译. 2023-10-24 （德语）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Knight, Ben. Wagenknecht: A far-left challenge to Germany's far-right AfD. Deutsche Welle. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-24）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1
- Alipour, Nick. The mystery of Europe's new 'left conservative' group. Euractiv. 2024-05-28.
Manuel Müller, a European politics expert at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA), told Euractiv that BSW represents “Eurosceptic left-conservatism”.
- Marsh, Sarah. Germany's upcoming state elections: what to watch for. Reuters. 2024-08-30.
Both the AfD and the BSW are eurosceptic, anti-immigration, Russia-friendly and against military support for Ukraine.
- Deconinck, Carl. Germany's new party BSW comes out all guns blazing. Brussels Signal. 2024-01-17.
The title of “biggest Eurosceptic party in Germany” can go to BSW, observers say, with a programme that would likely make left-liberal progressives faint if its policies were to become reality.
- Becker, Max; von Ondarza, Nicolai. Germany: A More Polarised, Politicised, But Also Potentially More National-Focused Election Campaign (PDF). CIDOB Monographs (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). 2024, 88: 69–73. ISBN 978-84-18977-22-0.
In addition, the weakness of the traffic light coalition went together with a rise of the AfD, but also of a new populist party from the left (Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht, BSW), which also has a clear Eurosceptic programme.
- von Harrach, Georg. Far-right win German state election for the first time. Channel 4 News. 2024-09-02.
Although BSW is at the other end of the political spectrum, the two parties share a Eurosceptic, anti-immigration, populist stance. Both also advocate cutting off military aid to Ukraine.
- Alipour, Nick. The mystery of Europe's new 'left conservative' group. Euractiv. 2024-05-28.
- ^ Zippert zappt: Wagenknecht will eine Einheitspartei aus CDU und BSW. Die Welt. 2024-09-05 [2025-02-18] （德语）.
- ^ [7][5]
- ^ Parteien nach 1989. www.teachsam.de. [2024-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-09）.
- ^ Sahra Wagenknecht: German politician launches 'left-wing conservative' party. 2024-01-08 [2024-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-10） （英国英语）.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
erster_parteitag的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 12.0 12.1 Germany's far-left star quits post-Communists to found populist party. Reuters. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-23）.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Schuetze, Christopher F. Leftist Upstart Threatens to Shake up German Politics With Her Own. The New York Times. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-24]. ISSN 1553-8095. （原始内容存档于2023-10-24）.
- ^
- Germany's European Election Results: Key Takeaways. Martens Centre. [2024-08-31] （美国英语）.
Nothing could be further away from the political programme if one carefully reads the BSW programme, which is pro-Russian, anti-capitalist, and anti-Western
- Thomeczek, J. Philipp. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (BSW): Left-Wing Authoritarian—and Populist? An Empirical Analysis. Politische Vierteljahresschrift. 2024-09-01, 65 (3): 535–552. ISSN 1862-2860. doi:10.1007/s11615-024-00544-z
（英语）. In the text, Wagenknecht shows strong anti-capitalist stances and describes the behaviour of economic elites (Wirtschaftseliten) as “irresponsible and immoral.”
- The Week UK. Sahra Wagenknecht: changing the face of German politics. TheWeek. 2023-11-11 [2024-08-31] （英语）.
Wagenknecht is a true anti-capitalist who wants to soak the rich and expand the welfare state.
- Eckner, Constantin. Will Germany's new left-wing party challenge the AfD?. The Spectator. 2023-10-23 [2024-08-31] （英国英语）.
Over the past decade, Wagenknecht has become one of the most well-known left-wing politicians in Germany, regularly assuming anti-capitalist positions and thereby becoming an icon of the extreme left
- Oferte electorale est-germane - între putinofilie, anti-capitalism şi xenofobie ["East German electoral offers - between putinophilia, anti-capitalism and xenophobia"]. RFI. 2024-08-09 [2024-08-31] （罗马尼亚语）.
În plină ascensiune se află şi formaţiunea naţional-populistă şi anti-capitalistă, Uniunea Sarah Wagenknecht (BSW).
- Moreau, Patrick. The emergence of a conservative left in Germany: the Sahra Wagenknecht alliance – reason and justice (BSW). Fondapol. February 2024 [2024-09-04].
For historians of the Weimar period, the Wagenknecht programme is reminiscent of National-Bolshevism in Germany in the 1930s, a thesis defended by the political scientist Peter R. Neumann49. The comparison is tempting: the fascination with Russia, the desire to break away from the capitalist system, the “anti-imperialist” nationalism, the redistribution of wealth and economic interventionist socialism, an ideological straddle between the nationalist right and communism…
- Baszak, Gregor. The Left-wing maverick who could stop the AfD. UnHerd. 2023-10-09 [2024-09-15] （英国英语）.
Still, she continues to appeal to popular anti-capitalist sentiments.
- Germany's European Election Results: Key Takeaways. Martens Centre. [2024-08-31] （美国英语）.
- ^
- Thomeczek, Jan Philipp. The Voting Potential of Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. Political Studies Review. 2024: 1. doi:10.1177/14789299241264975.
A new challenger seeks to enter the German party system: Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. With her new party, former Die Linke politician Sahra Wagenknecht combines a left-authoritarian profile (economically left-leaning, but culturally conservative) with anti-US, pro-Russia and anti-elitist stances.
- Herold, Maik; Cyrill, Otteni. A New Left-conservative Competitor in the German Party System? the Supporters of 'bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht' (BSW) and Their Ideological Positions. OSF Preprints. 2024: 1. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/8EZQW.
With a unique blend of economically left and culturally conservative positions, the BSW appeals to a substantial proportion of the electorate, particularly in eastern Germany.
- 'Extreme resurgence': Is polarised Europe getting ungovernable as centrist space shrinks?. Daiji World. 2024-09-03.
It had previously eschewed an alliance with the left-wing Die Linke, which has 12 seats, and the only other alternative is the 15 members of the Sara Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), formed this year by former Die Linke members and politically further to the left, though culturally conservative. The CDU is unlikely to be keen on them too.
- Parker, Jessica. Far right eyes political earthquake as Germans head to the polls. BBC. 2024-08-31.
Meanwhile another insurgent party – the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – has catapulted itself in the polls up to third place in this state. Ms Wagenknecht, a former communist and long one of the most prominent politicians in eastern Germany, has had success in blending cultural conservatism with economically left-wing policies.
- Fazi, Thomas. Who's afraid of Sahra Wagenknecht? Germany's 'left-conservative' has redefined populism. UnHerd. 2024-08-31.
In short, this means it mixes demands that would once have been associated with the socialist-labour Left — interventionist and redistributive government policies to regulate capitalist market forces, higher pensions and minimum wages, generous welfare and social security policies, taxes on wealth — with positions that today would be characterised as culturally conservative: first and foremost, a recognition of the importance of preserving and fostering traditions, stability, security and a sense of community.
- Mehrer, Angela; Puglierin, Jana. War, peace, and populism: How Germany's extremist parties are shaping its foreign policy debate. Note from Berlin. European Council on Foreign Relations. 2024-09-10.
The socialist and culturally conservative Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – only founded in January this year – came third in both states, winning more votes combined than the parties of the governing “traffic-light” coalition.
- Thomeczek, Jan Philipp. The Voting Potential of Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. Political Studies Review. 2024: 1. doi:10.1177/14789299241264975.
- ^
- Philipp Fritz; Klaus Geiger; Virginia Kirst; Martina Meister; Mandoline Rutkowski. Hier finden sich Hinweise auf Wagenknechts Erfolgschancen [Here are some indications of Wagenknecht's chances of success]. Die Welt. 2023-10-27 （德语）.
"Auch hier zeigt sich eine Parallele zu Wagenknecht, die ihre Partei explizit sozialkonservativ ausrichtet und sich gegen von ihr als „woke"...
- Tlusty, Ann-Kristin. Vom Planeten Wagenknecht [From planet Wagenknecht]. Die Zeit. 2024-01-08 （德语）.
Neben Wagenknechts Haltungen zu Migration, Pandemie, Russland, Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik gibt es einen weiteren Aspekt, den ihre Anhängerinnen oft als Grund ihrer Sympathie nennen: Wagenknechts gesellschaftspolitischen Konservatismus, ihre Kritik an den sogenannten Lifestyle-Linken.
- Alipour, Nick. Germany's left-wing rebel launches populist party to run in EU elections. EURACTIV. 2023-10-23.
Her mix of socially conservative and socialist-leaning economic policies is popular among anti-establishment and right-leaning voters, political scientist Constantin Wurthmann told Euractiv in a recent interview.
- Hildebrandt, Tim. Germany Has a New Player in Left-Wing Politics. Where Does It Stand on China?. The Diplomat. 2023-11-03.
In contrast, Wagenknecht and the BSW embody a distinct strain of left-wing politics, marked by a leaning towards social conservatism which could lead to a closer alignment with entities like the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Wagenknecht, who earned a Ph.D. in economics, has previously lauded the CCP’s economic and industrial policies, holding China as an exemplary model for how to manage a national economy.
- Knight, Ben. Wagenknecht: A far-left challenge to Germany's far-right AfD. Deutsche Welle. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-24）.
Some analysts say Wagenknecht is offering something that has never been seen before in Germany: Conservative social values allied with socialist economic values.
- Philipp Fritz; Klaus Geiger; Virginia Kirst; Martina Meister; Mandoline Rutkowski. Hier finden sich Hinweise auf Wagenknechts Erfolgschancen [Here are some indications of Wagenknecht's chances of success]. Die Welt. 2023-10-27 （德语）.
- ^ Gwyn Jones, Mared. Élections européennes : ce qu'il faut savoir sur les principaux enjeux nationaux. Euronews. 2024-06-04 [2024-09-21].
- ^ Eckner, Constantin. What the AfD's 'historic victory' means for Germany. The Spectator. 2024-09-02.
- ^ Marsh, Sarah. Germany's upcoming state elections: what to watch for. Reuters. 2024-08-30 [2024-09-21].
- ^ von Harrach, Georg. Far-right win German state election for the first time. Channel 4 News. 2024-09-02.
- ^ [17][18][19][20]
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Head of German state of Saxony says deal with populist BSW 'possible'. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2024-09-02.
That makes the BSW, which finished third with 11.8% of the vote, a crucial potential partner. The party has campaigned on a mix of opposition to immigration, far-left economic policies and right-wing stances on some social issues such as gender policy.
- ^ Alipour, Nick. Germany's left-wing rebel launches populist party to run in EU elections. Euractiv.com. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-24）.
- ^ Wondreys, Jakub; March, Luke; Pytlas, Bartek. 'My enemy's enemy is my friend'? European radical left parties' response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (Political Studies Association). 2024-09-28: 18. doi:10.1177/13691481241284204.
- ^ Politologe: Könnte AfD gefährlich werden. ZDF. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-28） （德语）.
- ^ Lechts oder rinks? Das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht im Parteienwettbewerb (PDF). FES Impuls (Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung). December 2023: 1–4. ISBN 978-3-98628-355-1 （德语）.
- ^ Holzhauser, Thorsten. Nicht links oder rechts, sondern beides? Das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht nach der Europawahl (PDF). Paris: Ifri. 2024 [2024-07-27]. ISBN 979-10-373-0886-3.
- ^ Schack, Ramon. Hajo Funke über Wagenknecht-Partei: "Ich verstehe nicht, wie Medien von rechtsoffen sprechen können". Berliner Zeitung. 2024-02-25 （德语）.
- ^ Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha. Freiheitsschock: eine andere Geschichte Ostdeutschlands von 1989 bis heute 1. bis 4. Auflage 2024. München: C.H.Beck. 2024. ISBN 978-3-406-82213-1.
- ^ Die Diktatur der Mehrheit. www.dbwv.de. [2024-12-19] （de-DE）.
- ^
- Szumski, Charles. Owen Morgan , 编. Regional elections in Germany cause European stir. Euractiv. 2024-09-02.
French MEP Manon Aubry of La France Insoumise (The Left) said the AfD’s success, along with the strong showing of the far-left BSW party led by Sahra Wagenknecht, reflected a polarised political landscape in Germany and in Europe.
- Brady, Kate; Faiola, Anthony. Far right set to win in a German state for the first time since WWII. Washington Post. 2024-09-01.
The additional success of the far-left BSW, only founded in January, could reshape German politics, with the party having the potential to scoop up voters from across the political spectrum in next year’s national vote.
- Marsh, Sarah. Germany far-right party could win first state in eastern regional elections. Reuters. 2024-09-01.
New far-left BSW could become kingmaker.
- Chazan, Guy. Far-right Alternative for Germany wins first regional election. Financial Times. Berlin. 2024-09-02.
The AfD is not the only beneficiary of local residents’ anger: they also voted in large numbers for a new far-left party, the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), which won 15.8 per cent in Thuringia and 11.8 per cent in Saxony.
- Erlanger, Steven; Schuetze, Christopher F. East Germans Lean Toward Extremes in State Elections. New York Times. Berlin. 2024-09-01.
But if the Christian Democrats must turn to the far-left BSW for a coalition partner, they may find these negotiations awkward because Ms. Wagenknecht, who is not running for office on the state level, has insisted that any coalition partner accept her position on Ukraine, calling for an end to German aid to Kyiv and rapid negotiations to try to end the war.
- Bharadwaj, Apurva. Germany's Far-Right Poised To Win Regional Elections. NDTV. 2024-09-01.
Opinion polls have indicated that the AfD is ahead in Thuringia and a close second in Saxony. Another party, the far-left BSW, is also getting a strong upstart, the opinion polls showed.
- Jackson, James; Cleave, Iona; Kelly, Kieran. German far-Right to win first state election since Nazi era. The Daily Telegraph. Berlin. 2024-09-01.
The preliminary results showed large increases for both the far-Right AfD and the far-Left BSW in the eastern German state, while the Greens suffered heavy losses.
- Stroud, Liv. Germany grapples with far-right surge as AfD wins state election. Euronews. 2024-09-03.
In Thuringia, none of the established parties managed to secure an absolute majority or even a coalition majority, and the main question remains whether the AfD can form a coalition with the far-left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) or the conservative CDU.
- von der Burchard, Hans; Posaner, Joshua. German far right seizes on knife attack ahead of crucial state elections. The Politico. Berlin. 2024-08-24.
The AfD is attacking not only the ruling coalition of Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s Social Democrats, the Greens and the Free Democrats, but also the two main opposition parties, the center-right CDU/CSU and the far-left Sahra Wagenknecht alliance, which are the AfD’s main opponents in both state elections.
- Cole, Deborah. 'A test case for German democracy': populists ride high before state elections. The Guardian. Erfurt. 2024-08-29.
The campaign has included the remarkable rise of an eight-month-old party built around a veteran far-left firebrand, the Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance).
- Rogers, Iain. German Far-Left Leader Turns Power Broker After State Votes. Bloomberg News. 2024-09-02.
Sahra Wagenknecht and her new BSW alliance of the far left are set to play a key role in keeping the Alternative for Germany out of power in Thuringia despite the far-right party’s victory in Sunday’s state election there.
- Edwards, Christian; Otto, Claudio; Otto, Matties; Schmidt, Nadine. AfD becomes first far-right party to win German state election since 1945. CNN. 2024-09-02.
In another worrying development for Germany’s mainstream, the fledgling Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – a far-left party that has questioned the country’s support for Ukraine and shares some of the AfD’s anti-immigration streak – came third in both states, despite only being founded earlier this year.
- Macdougal, John. Election outcome highlights Germany's Ukraine war problem. Radio France Internationale. Berlin. 2024-09-02.
A new far-left party, BSW, also made a big impact in the polls, having run on a ticket of peace negotiations with Russia and opposition to the planned stationing of US missiles in Germany.
- German Chancellor Scholz calls on parties to isolate far right. Le Monde. Paris. 2024-09-02.
Sahra Wagenknecht, who heads the far-left BSW, said her party "cannot work together" with Höcke and has long ruled out a coalition with the AfD.
- Colborne, Femke. Election outcome highlights Germany's Ukraine war problem. The Manhattan Mercury. 2024-09-02.
A new far-left party, BSW, also made a big impact in the polls, having run on a ticket of peace negotiations with Russia and opposition to the planned stationing of US missiles in Germany.
- Ridgwell, Henry. German far-right surge raises doubts about Berlin's support for Ukraine. Voice of America. 2024-09-03.
The newly formed far-left BSW party was in third place with 15.8%. The AfD came in second in the neighboring state of Saxony, just behind the Christian Democrats.
- Axelrod, Toby. Far-right party wins German state election for first time since the Nazi era. The Forward. 2024-09-03.
A far-left party, Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance or BSW, also produced notable results, coming in third in Thuringia with 15.8% of the vote.
- Today in Germany: A round-up of the latest news on Tuesday. The Local. 2024-09-03.
Saxony's Prime Minister Michael Kretschmer (CDU) on Monday further ruled out working with the second-placed AfD and said the party is considering a coalition with the SPD and the new Sahra Wagenknecht alliance (BSW) - the far-left party named after its founder.
- Waterfield, Bruno; Moody, Oliver. Germany election results: hard-right AfD set to win Thuringia. The Times. 2024-09-02.
In another blow to the political mainstream, the newly created far-left populist Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), named after its founder, a former communist, came in third place in both regions on 14.5 per cent and 11.5 per cent of the vote.
- Burmeister, Julian. Wie Deutschland international gesehen wird: Gibt es ein neues Image nach den Wahlen?. Südwestrundfunk. 2024-09-03 （德语）.
Die Partei „Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht“ wird von der internationalen Presse fast durchweg als linksextrem charakterisiert.
- McGuinness, Damien. Germany's one million Syrians at centre of fierce debate over their future. BBC. Berlin. 2024-12-10.
Sahra Wagenknecht, who this year set up a new anti-migrant far-left populist party, echoed the AfD's rhetoric.
- Rogers, Iain. Scholz Gains Ground on Conservative Challenger Merz in New Poll. BNN Bloomberg. 2024-12-06.
The Greens are fourth with 13.5% and the BSW — a new far-left party founded in January — fifth at 6%.
- Pitel, Laura; Nilsson, Patricia. German job cuts darken mood of election campaign. Financial Times. Berlin and Frankfurt. 2024-12-03.
Münch warned that the fearful climate posed a threat to all mainstream parties at a time when the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), which is second in the polls, and a new entrant, the far-left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), have claimed successes in some recent regional elections.
- McGuinness, Damien. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz loses confidence vote. BBC. Berlin. 2024-12-16.
Another new populist political party could also get into parliament for the first time, the anti-migrant nativist far-left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance BSW, which is named after its firebrand Marxist leader.
- Szumski, Charles. Owen Morgan , 编. Regional elections in Germany cause European stir. Euractiv. 2024-09-02.
- ^ Delfs, Arne. New German Far-Left Party Aims to Challenge Scholz's Coalition. Bloomberg News. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-23）.
- ^ Hoyer, Katja. The rise of Reform could make Britain ungovernable – look to Germany to see why. The Daily Telegraph. 2024-03-19.
We’re now in a position where the far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) is polling as the second largest political party while a new far-Left party, headed by the former communist Sahra Wagenknecht, is also projected to take up seats in the next German parliament.
- ^
- Adler, Nils. Not just AfD: What's the BSW, Germany's rising populist left party?. Al Jazeera. 2024-09-25.
The BSW belongs on the left – the hard left, even.
- Waterfield, Bruno. Brandenburg election: Olaf Scholz's SPD narrowly defeats hard-right AfD. The Times. 2024-09-23.
As well as consolidating the status of the AfD as a new force in German politics, the vote secured a kingmaker role for the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), a new socially-conservative, anti-immigration hard-left party.
- Adler, Nils. Not just AfD: What's the BSW, Germany's rising populist left party?. Al Jazeera. 2024-09-25.
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- ^ Connolly, Kate. Anti-immigration leftists have potential to upend German political scene. The Guardian. 2024-09-02 [2024-10-13]. ISSN 0261-3077 （英国英语）.
- ^ Boris Herrmann; Angelika Slavik. "Natürlich nicht rechts". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2023-10-25 （德语）.
- ^ Warum Sahra Wagenknecht ihre neue Partei nicht links nennen will. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2023-10-27 [2023-10-30]. ISSN 0174-4909. （原始内容存档于2023-10-29） （德语）.
- ^ Gersemann, Olaf. 'Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht': Etwas stimmt nicht an der Wagenknecht-Rechnung. Die Welt. 2023-10-27 [2023-10-30]. ISSN 0173-8437. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30） （德语）.
- ^ Thomeczek, J. Philipp. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (BSW): Left-Wing Authoritarian—and Populist? An Empirical Analysis. Politische Vierteljahresschrift. 2024, 65 (3): 546–547. doi:10.1007/s11615-024-00544-z .
- ^ Moreau, Patrick. The Emergence of a Conservative Left in Germany: the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance – Reason and Justice (BSW) (PDF). Foundation for Political Innovation: 21–22. 2024.
- ^ Wagner, Sarah. Sahra Wagenknecht's BSW: a new party shaking up German politics. UK in a Changing Europe. 2024-09-20.
Formed in January this year after much speculation, the party’s unique appeal lies in its anti-immigration stance and conservative cultural positions, such as scepticism towards gender-inclusive language and trans rights.
- ^ 43.0 43.1 Angelos, James. Is Germany's rising superstar so far left she's far right?. Politico. 2024-08-26.
- ^ Schuler, Katharina. Sie selbst hat wenig zu verlieren, Land und Demokratie dagegen einiges. Die Zeit. 2023-10-19 [2023-10-29]. ISSN 0044-2070. （原始内容存档于2023-10-29） （德语）.
- ^ 45.0 45.1 Dostal, Jörg Michael. Left Conservatism: Sahra Wagenknecht's Challenge to the German Party System. The Political Quarterly (John Wiley & Sons Ltd). 2024-08-18, 95 (4): 634–644. ISSN 1467-923X. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13447 .
- ^ Koall, Carsten. Sahra Wagenknecht befürwortet Genderverbote an Schulen. Die Welt. 2024-04-12 （德语）.
- ^ Serif, Moritz. Wagenknecht stellt These auf: "Wärmepumpen klimapolitisch völliger Nonsens". Frankfurter Rundschau. 2023-03-26 （德语）.
- ^ Behrent, Michael C. The Rise of the Conservative Left. Discourse Magazine. 2024-10-09.
- ^ Meza, Edgar. Former German Left Party MP launches new party, takes aim at energy policies. Clean Energy Wire. 2024-01-09.
- ^ Burleigh, Michael. Germany's far right is on the rise – but this is not the 1930s. iNews. 2024-09-02.
- ^ Hildebrandt, Tim. Germany Has a New Player in Left-Wing Politics. Where Does It Stand on China?. The Diplomat. 2023-11-03.
- ^ Moreau, Patrick. The Emergence of a Conservative Left in Germany: the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance – Reason and Justice (BSW) (PDF). Foundation for Political Innovation: 21–22. 2024.
- ^ BSW Kurzwahlprogramm für die Bundestagswahl 2025 (PDF). Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. 2025: 8.
Einen EU-Erweiterungsstopp, was auch für die Ukraine gelten muss, die ansonsten noch mehr zum Fass ohne Boden für die deutschen Steuerzahler wird.
- ^ Scally, Derek. German Linke rebel walks out to form new left-wing populist party. The Irish Times. 2023-10-23 [2023-10-24]. ISSN 0791-5144. （原始内容存档于2023-10-24）.
- ^ Germany's Wagenknecht rejects claims she stirs up anti-Israel hatred. Yahoo News. DPA. [2024-10-16].
- ^ BSW-Parteitag: EU-kritisch, pro-russisch und wertkonservativ. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 2024-01-27.
- ^ What Is New "Pro-russian" Party in Germany, and Why Does It Pose Risks?. European Pravda. 2023-11-03.
- ^ BSW-Parteitag: Wie moskautreu ist das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht?. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland. 2023-12-05.
- ^ Wagenknecht und AfD unter dem Einfluss von Putin und dem Kreml?. Euronews.com. 2023-04-22 [2023-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-24） （德语）.
- ^ Hesse, Michael. Historiker über Wagenknecht: "Putinsche Stimme in Deutschland". Frankfurter Rundschau. 2023-09-18 [2023-10-29]. ISSN 0940-6980. （原始内容存档于2023-10-25） （德语）.
- ^ Anastasiadis, Georg. Weg von den USA, hin zu Russland: Wagenknechts gefährliches Abenteuer [Away from the USA and towards Russia: Wagenknecht's dangerous adventure]. Münchner Merkur. 2023-10-24 [2023-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-25） （德语）.
- ^ "Putin ist eine Bestie": Die Reaktionen zum mutmaßlichen Tod von Alexej Nawalny. Der Tagesspiegel Online. [2024-12-19]. ISSN 1865-2263 （de-DE）.
- ^ Knight, Ben. What is Germany's populist BSW party?. Deutsche Welle. 2024-09-02.
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- ^ Wondreys, Jakub; March, Luke; Pytlas, Bartek. 'My enemy's enemy is my friend'? European radical left parties' response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (Political Studies Association). 2024-09-28: 10–12. doi:10.1177/13691481241284204.
- ^ Wondreys, Jakub; March, Luke; Pytlas, Bartek. 'My enemy's enemy is my friend'? European radical left parties' response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (Political Studies Association). 2024-09-28: 16. doi:10.1177/13691481241284204.
- ^ Sahra Wagenknecht: BSW-Politikerin bezeichnet Wladimir Putin als Verbrecher. Der Spiegel. 2024-12-19 [2024-12-19]. ISSN 2195-1349 （德语）.
- ^ Sahra Wagenknecht zu AfD: Alice Weidel vertritt keine rechtsextremen Positionen. FAZ.NET. 2024-02-24 [2024-12-19] （德语）.
- ^ "Putin hat schon oft gelogen" – BSW-Vorsitzende Sahra Wagenknecht im t-online-Interview. t-online. 2024-04-12 [2024-12-19] （德语）.
- ^ Daniel, Isabelle. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht: Sahra Wagenknecht verteidigt Boykott von Selenskyj-Rede im Bundestag. Die Zeit. 2024-06-13 [2024-12-19]. ISSN 0044-2070 （de-DE）.
- ^ Warum das Bundesverfassungsgericht gestärkt werden soll. tagesschau.de. [2024-12-19] （德语）.
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- ^ Lassiwe, Benjamin. BSW-Gründung in Schwedt: 36 Mitglieder, 13 Prozent. www.nordkurier.de. 2024-05-25 [2024-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-25） （德语）.
- ^ Rundfunk, Saarländischer. Vorstand von neuem Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht im Saarland gewählt. SR.de. 2024-03-22 [2024-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-17） （德语）.
- ^ Fenker, Iven Yorick; dpa. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht: BSW gründet ersten Landesverband in Sachsen. Die Zeit. 2024-02-24 [2024-06-11]. ISSN 0044-2070. （原始内容存档于2024-03-12） （de-DE）.
- ^ mdr.de. Thüringer BSW-Landesverband gegründet: Katja Wolf in der Doppelspitze | MDR.DE. www.mdr.de. [2024-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-28） （德语）.
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