火枪

火枪是一种中国古代的火器，最早出现于公元10-12世纪。火枪是所有现代火药类武器的鼻祖^[1]，曾在宋金战争期间发挥了巨大作用。它最初是一种附在长柄武器（即“枪”）上的小型烟火式装置，用于在近战开始时获得冲击优势^[2]。随着火药的改进，爆炸物的排放量增加，碎片或弹丸等也被添加，使其具有现代火焰喷射器以及霰弹枪组合的一些效果，但射程非常短（约3米或10英尺），而且只有一发子弹（一些设计可击发两次）。至13世纪末期，火枪的枪管已转变为金属材料，以更好地承受爆炸冲击波，并且枪头的尖刺设计被放弃，转而成为仅依靠火药击发完成攻击的纯火器。这些武器日后演变为了最早的手铳^[3]。

名称[编辑]

根据使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差异方面，火枪在当时有着包括“突火槍”、“梨花槍”、“火門槍”、“槍砲”等不同的名称。此外，因为現代汉语里的小型火器亦以“枪”一词通称，“火枪”一词在現代汉语里既可以表示步枪时代以前的早期火器（特别是鸟铳等），也可以用于指代后来所有的近现代枪支，在这种场合下一般将前者替称为“火矛槍”以作区分。

设计[编辑]

最早出现的火枪由一根通常是竹子的管子组成，里面装有火药和一根慢火柴，绑在长矛或其他长柄武器上。一旦点燃，火药管就会向矛头方向喷射出一股火焰。后来将铁丸或陶器碎片等射弹添加到火药中。发射时，火药装药将弹丸与火焰一起喷射出来^[4]。

金属火枪管出现在13世纪中叶左右，并且不再捆绑于枪上，开始独立于长枪本身而使用。独立出来的金属炮管被称为“eruptor”，成为手铳的前身^[4]。

在欧洲，以木管制造的火枪版本曾被使用^[5]。

图集[编辑]

茅元儀所著的《武備志》上记载之火枪，1621年
“冲阵火葫芦”，在火药爆炸中释放铅丸的多类火枪之一，来自《火龙经》的插图。
记载于《火龙经》上的“神行破阵猛火刀牌”，约1360-1375，装载有火枪的移动盾牌，用于破坏敌人的阵型
挥舞着火枪的骑士，约1396
Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 约1540.

参见[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

^ Andrade 2016，第35頁.
^ Andrade 2016，第38頁.
^ Andrade 2016，第33頁.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Andrade 2016，第51頁.
^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36.

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外部链接[编辑]

Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201635-1] Andrade 2016，第35頁.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201638-2] Andrade 2016，第38頁.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201633-3] Andrade 2016，第33頁.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Andrade 2016，第51頁.

[Brown-5] Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36.

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火枪