演算法治理
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演算法治理(英語:Algorithmic Governance),是種治理模式,將演算法大量應用於法律規範、执法及日常公共服務,如交通或土地登記。[1][2][3][4][5]
演算法管制(英語:Algorithmic Regulation),則指透過演算法制定標準、監控和改變行為,包含司法自動化等技術。 [6]
在區塊鏈社群脈絡下,演算法治理(Algorithmic Governance)意同區塊鏈治理(英語:Blockchain Governance)。 [7]
演算法治理關注电子化政府文献和实践中未曾涉及的新挑战。 [8] Nello Cristianini和Teresa Scantamburlo主張人类社会与监管演算法結合形成了一臺社会机器(a social machine)。 [9]
历史
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1962年,莫斯科俄罗斯科学院資訊傳遞問題研究所(即哈爾克維奇研究所)所长亞歷山大·哈爾克維奇在《共产主义者》上发表文章,探討利用電腦網路处理資訊及控制经济。[10][11][12] 哈爾克維奇構想建立類似现代網際網路一样的網路,以满足演算法治理的需要,即「蘇聯全國資訊網路計畫」(OGAS)。該計畫引起了美國中央情报局的严重担忧。[13] 其中,小亞瑟·史列辛格警告:「1970年前,苏联可能拥有一项全新的生产技术,涉及整个企业或工业複合體,由能夠自我學習的電腦进行闭环回饋的控制與管理」。[13]
1971年至1973年間,阿葉德總統任内,智利政府進行網路協同計畫,以建構分佈式决策支持系统,改善国民经济管理。[14][15] 1972年,中央情报局支持四万名卡车司机罢工,網路協同計畫的一些成果應用在解决罷工引起的交通壅塞。[16]
1960至1970年代,司馬賀提倡专家系统作为合理化和评估行政行为的工具。[17] 美國稅務機關長期追求基于规则的流程自动化,亦取得了廣泛的成效。[18] 1960、70年代的代表性計畫,還有美国麦卡蒂(Thorne McCarty)的TAXMAN計畫,以及英国Ronald Stamper 的LEGOL計畫。兩者深刻影響司法自動化 。1993年,格拉斯哥大学電腦科學家保罗·科克肖特和威克森林大学经济学家Allin Cottrell共同出版《走向新社会主义》,倡導基于现代電腦科技建立民主计划经济的可能性。[19] 1998年,澳洲大法官Michael Kirby发表论文,乐观看待当时的電腦科技,如法律专家系统,能发展为一套體系,强烈地改變司法实践。 [20] 2006年,律师勞倫斯·雷席格喊出口號「代码即法律」(英語:Code is Law),認為網路空間──這雙看不見的手正在打造新的高效監管架構。 [21]
2000年以来,人類开始使用演算法自动分析及监控影片。[22]
2006年,A. Aneesh的《虛擬移動》(Virtual Migration)中提出了「演算法專制」(英語:Algocracy),即資訊科技限制了人类参与公共决策。[23][24] Aneesh 区分演算法系统,其不同於官僚系统(法律-理性管制)與市场系统(基于价格的管制)。 [25]
2013年,歐萊禮創辦人提姆·歐萊禮提出了「演算法管制」(Algorithmic Regulation)。[26]
2017年,乌克兰司法部使用区块链技术进行了政府拍卖实验,以确保交易透明度,并阻止貪腐。 [27] 2017年9月6日至7日在伦敦举行的政策数据会议,“演算法之治?”(Government by Algorithm?)成為會中的核心主题。 [28]
議題
[编辑]智慧城市
[编辑]智慧城市,以資訊科技為基礎,透過收集、監視的數據及運算能力,改善都市管理。
聲譽系統
[编辑]聲譽系統,是透過實體相互給出的評價,來確定實體的等級或類別的合作性篩選演算法。2013年,歐萊禮創辦人提姆·歐萊禮認為「演算法管制」(Algorithmic Regulation)中由演算法與數據打造的聲譽系統優於傳統的管制(Regulation)。[26]
智能合約
[编辑]加密社群視智能合約、加密貨幣與去中心化管理為傳統治理的替代方案。[29][30][31]
演算法與司法:算法正义
[编辑]在澳大利亚,法官為确定离婚后的財產分割,会使用專家系統「分割」(Split Up)来支持其判决。[32] 在美国法庭上,COMPAS應用於評估罪犯的再犯风险。[33][34] 2019年,北京互联网法院表示,中国是世界上首个设立互联网法院的国家。[35][36][37] 中国的人工智慧法官,以真实女法官的虚拟形象,處理法院的常規瑣事。[35] 2020年,爱沙尼亚计划利用人工智慧裁决索赔金额低于7千欧元的小额民事案件。 [38]
法律机器人(英語:Lawbot)可以执行原由律师助理完成的任务。ROSS Intelligence是美国律师事务所常用於法律研究的科技,而其他法律機器人的推理能力與所賴的演算法各不相同。[39]另一合法科技聊天机器人是DoNotPay。
人工智慧政治家
[编辑]2018年,松田道人作為AI的人类替身,出选東京多摩市市长。[40] 虽然競選文宣中使用女性机器人的图片,但“AI市长”实际上是使用多摩市数据集训练的机器学习演算法。[41] 松田的“AI市长”獲得软银高層松本徹三和谷歌高管村上憲郎的支持。[42] 最終,松田道人在选举中名列第三,败於阿部裕行。 [43]
2018 年,凱薩·伊达尔戈提出了擴增民主(英語:augumented democracy)。 [44]在擴增民主中,由每个人的数位分身取代人類民意代表參與立法。
2022年,獲智械党提名的聊天机器人“Leder Lars”参加2022年丹麦议会选举,[45]
2024年英国大选中,商人Steve Endacott作為人工智慧“AI Steve”的人類替身,出选布莱顿穹頂宮选区议员[46],惜墊底慘敗。 [47]
參考資料
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- Yeung, Karen; Lodge, Martin. Algorithmic Regulation. Oxford University Press. 2019. ISBN 9780198838494.
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參見
[编辑]外部連結
[编辑]- Government by Algorithm? by Data for Policy 2017 Conference
- Government by Algorithm 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2022-08-15. by Stanford University
- A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency by European Parliament
- Algorithmic Government by Zeynep Engin and Philip Treleaven, University College London
- Algorithmic Government by Prof. Philip C. Treleaven of University College London
- Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government by Hila Mehr of Harvard University
- The OASI Register, algorithms with social impact
- iHuman (Documentary, 2019) by Tonje Hessen Schei
- Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy?
- New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector, An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis
- A bold idea to replace politicians by César Hidalgo