Campanha de Saratoga

Campanha de Saratoga
Guerra da Independência dos Estados Unidos
Data	14 de Junho de 1777 – 17 de Outubro de 1777
Local	Upstate New York
Desfecho	Vitória americana decisiva:; Rendição do exército de Burgoyne;
Beligerantes
Colónias Unidas Auxiliares Canadenses; Nativos norte-americanos	Grã-Bretanha Lealistas; Hesse; Brunswick; Iroqueses; Nativos norte-americanos
Comandantes
Horatio Gates; Philip Schuyler; Arthur St. Clair; Benedict Arnold; Benjamin Lincoln; Israel Putnam; George Clinton; James Clinton	John Burgoyne ; William Phillips ; Simon Fraser †; Barry St. Leger; Henry Clinton; Baron Riedesel ; Friedrich Baum † Joseph Brant
Forças
25 000	8 500 (Burgoyne); 1 600 (St. Leger); 3 000 (Clinton)

A Campanha de Saratoga em 1777 foi uma tentativa do alto-comando britânico para a América do Norte de conseguir controlar o importante e estratégico vale do rio Hudson durante a Guerra da Independência dos Estados Unidos. A campanha terminou com a rendição do exército britânico que, de acordo com o historiador Edmund Morgan, "foi um importante ponto de viragem na guerra, porque permitiu à América receber apoio exterior, o último elemento necessário para a vitória.^[5]

A primeira acção da campanha foi planeada e iniciada pelo general John Burgoyne. No comando de uma força de 8 mil homens, seguiu para sul em Junho desde a Província do Quebeque, passando pelo Lago Champlain, até Nova Iorque; depois, desde o Vale de Hudson até Saratoga. De início, as suas tropas passaram por algumas escaramuças com os defensores Patriotas, obtendo resultados diferentes. Depois, após derrota na Batalha de Saratoga em Setembro e Outubro, dada a sua situação deteriorante e a crescente dimensão do exército americano, Burgoyne foi obrigado a render-se ao general Horatio Gates a 17 de Outubro.

Todos os planos elaborados em Londres fracassaram. O coronel Barry St. Leger recebeu instruções para ir para leste de Albany através do vale do rio Mohawk, mas foi obrigado a retirar durante o cerco ao Forte Stanwix após ter perdido os seus aliados índios. A principal expedição a partir do sul nunca se concretizou devido a má comunicação com Londres, quando o general William Howe enviou o seu exército para tomar Filadélfia em vez de o mobilizar para o rio Hudson, para apoiar Burgoyne. No início de Outubro, foi realizado um último esforço para reforçar as tropas de Burgoyne a partir de Nova Iorque, mas foi insuficiente e demasiado tarde.

A vitória americana representou um aumento enorme do moral da jovem nação. Mais importante ainda, convenceu França a entrar na guerra aliada aos Estados Unidos, participando financeiramente, com soldados e munições, e com a sua marinha.

Referências

↑ Este número é uma estimativa do total de combatentes americanos envolvidos na campanha. Enquanto Nickerson detalha em pormenor o número de tropas durante a campanha (pp. 435–451), Pancake (1977) providencia valores para o recrutamento. The Northern Department (under Schuyler and then Gates), started with about 5500 men (Pancake, pp. 151–152), and the Highland Department under Putnam, based on troop deployments ordered, had about 3,000 men (pp. 153,180). Militia recruitment after the fall of Ticonderoga and the killing of Jane McCrea was substantial: known recruitments included Stark and Warner 2,000 (p. 153), Lincoln 1,500 (p. 178), and Herkimer 800. Gates had 15 000 to 18 000 men when Burgoyne surrendered (p. 189), which did not include about one-half of Putnam's and Stark's men, the Mohawk River outposts, Herkimer's troops, or earlier losses due to battle, disease, or expiring enlistments. It did include Morgan's 300+ riflemen, dispatched from Washington's main army. Considering that Putnam's forces were also swollen by militia following the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery (one British report claimed 6000 men were following them on October 16, Pancake p. 188), the number of Americans in the field in mid-October was probably well over 2 000.
↑ Nickerson (1967), p. 437, and other sources report Burgoyne starting with 7800 men. Nickerson notes (p. 105) that this number does not include officers and non-combatant staff and camp followers, who would also require supplies. That number also does not include Indians and Loyalists who arrived after the capture of Ticonderoga (about 700, Nickerson p. 439).
↑ See Siege of Fort Stanwix for details.
↑ See Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery for details. This number includes all troops Clinton sent north from New York, not all of which were involved in battle.
↑ Edmund Morgan, The Birth of the Republic: 1763–1789 (1956) pp 82–83

Bibliografia[editar | editar código-fonte]

Principal[editar | editar código-fonte]

Bennett, William J; Cribb, John (2008). The American Patriot's Almanac. [S.l.]: Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-1-59555-267-9
Black, Jeremy (1991). War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-06713-5
Boatner III, Mark Mayo (1974). Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: McKay. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1
Ferling, John E (2007). Almost a miracle: the American victory in the War of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-518121-0. OCLC 85898929
Ketchum, Richard M (1997). Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-6123-9. OCLC 41397623
Luzader, John F. Saratoga: A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-44-9
Murphy, Jim (2007). The Real Benedict Arnold. New York: Clarion Books. ISBN 978-0-395-77609-4
Nickerson, Hoffman (1928). The Turning Point of the Revolution. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat reprint. OCLC 549809
Pancake, John S (1977). 1777: The Year of the Hangman. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5112-0. OCLC 2680804
Scott, John Albert (1927). Fort Stanwix and Oriskany: The Romantic Story of the Repulse of St. Legers British Invasion of 1777. Rome, NY: Rome Sentinel Company. OCLC 563963
Smith, William Henry (1882). The St. Clair Papers: The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair. Cincinnati: Robert Clark. OCLC 817707
Walworth, Ellen Hardin (1891). Battles of Saratoga, 1777: the Saratoga Monument Association, 1856–1891. Albany: J. Munsell's Sons. OCLC 2183838
Tousignant, Pierre; Dionne-Tousignant, Madeleine (1979). «La Corne, Luc de, Chaptes de La Corne La Corne Saint-Luc». In: Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV (1771–1800) online ed. University of Toronto Press

Leitura adicional[editar | editar código-fonte]

Bird, Harrison (1963). March to Saratoga: General Burgoyne and the American Campaign, 1777. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 299497
Burgoyne, John; O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey (1860). Orderly book of Lieut. Gen. John Burgoyne: from his entry into the state of New York until his surrender at Saratoga, 16th Oct. 1777 ; from the original manuscript deposited at Washington's head quarters, Newburgh, N. Y. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. OCLC 2130372
Chidsey, Donald Barr (1967). The War in the North: An Informal History of the American Revolution in and near Canada. New York: Crown. OCLC 394996
Corbett, Theodore. No Turning Point: The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective (University of Oklahoma Press; 2012) 436 pages; detailed history; argues it was not a decisive turning point in the war
Elting, John R (1977). The Battles of Saratoga. [S.l.]: Phillip Freneau Press. ISBN 0-912480-13-0
Glover, Michael (1976). General Burgoyne in Canada and America: Scapegoat for a System. London: Atheneum Publishers. ISBN 0-86033-013-3
Graymont, Barbara (1972). The Iroquois in the American Revolution. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0083-6 ISBN 0-8156-0116-6 (paperback).
Mintz, Max M (1990). The Generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne & Horatio Gates. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04778-9 ISBN 0-300-05261-8 (1992 paperback)
Murray, Stuart (1998). The Honor of Command: General Burgoyne's Saratoga Campaign. [S.l.]: Images from the Past. ISBN 1-884592-03-1
Stone, William Leete (1893). Ballads and poems relating to the Burgoyne campaign. Albany: J. Munsell's Sons. OCLC 1392761
Taylor, Alan (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. [S.l.]: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45471-3
Watt, Gavin (2002). Rebellion in the Mohawk Valley: The St. Leger Expedition of 1777. [S.l.]: Dundurn. ISBN 1-55002-376-4

Ligações externas[editar | editar código-fonte]

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[AmericanStrength-1] Este número é uma estimativa do total de combatentes americanos envolvidos na campanha. Enquanto Nickerson detalha em pormenor o número de tropas durante a campanha (pp. 435–451), Pancake (1977) providencia valores para o recrutamento. The Northern Department (under Schuyler and then Gates), started with about 5500 men (Pancake, pp. 151–152), and the Highland Department under Putnam, based on troop deployments ordered, had about 3,000 men (pp. 153,180). Militia recruitment after the fall of Ticonderoga and the killing of Jane McCrea was substantial: known recruitments included Stark and Warner 2,000 (p. 153), Lincoln 1,500 (p. 178), and Herkimer 800. Gates had 15 000 to 18 000 men when Burgoyne surrendered (p. 189), which did not include about one-half of Putnam's and Stark's men, the Mohawk River outposts, Herkimer's troops, or earlier losses due to battle, disease, or expiring enlistments. It did include Morgan's 300+ riflemen, dispatched from Washington's main army. Considering that Putnam's forces were also swollen by militia following the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery (one British report claimed 6000 men were following them on October 16, Pancake p. 188), the number of Americans in the field in mid-October was probably well over 2 000.

[BritishStrength-2] Nickerson (1967), p. 437, and other sources report Burgoyne starting with 7800 men. Nickerson notes (p. 105) that this number does not include officers and non-combatant staff and camp followers, who would also require supplies. That number also does not include Indians and Loyalists who arrived after the capture of Ticonderoga (about 700, Nickerson p. 439).

[StLegerStrength-3] See Siege of Fort Stanwix for details.

[ClintonStrength-4] See Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery for details. This number includes all troops Clinton sent north from New York, not all of which were involved in battle.

[5] Edmund Morgan, The Birth of the Republic: 1763–1789 (1956) pp 82–83

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