César Milstein César Milstein Nascimento 8 de outubro de 1927 Bahía Blanca , Argentina Morte 24 de março de 2002 (74 anos)Cambridge , Reino Unido Nacionalidade argentino , britânico Alma mater Universidade de Buenos Aires , Universidade de Cambridge Prêmios Prêmio Avery Landsteiner (1979) , Prêmio Wolf de Medicina (1980) , Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr. (1981) , Medalha Franklin (1982) , Medalha Real (1982) , Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica (1984) , Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina (1984) , Medalha Copley (1989) Campo(s) bioquímica
César Milstein (Bahía Blanca , 8 de outubro de 1927 — Cambridge , 24 de março de 2002 ) foi um bioquímico argentino e nacionalizado britânico . Formou-se em medicina na Universidade de Buenos Aires e doutorou-se em bioquímica em Cambridge . É considerado um dos pais da imunologia moderna.[ 1]
Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1984, junto com Georges J. F. Köhler por suas pesquisas sobre anticorpos monoclonais . Desenvolveram uma forma de criar novos anticorpos a partir de linfócitos B híbridos, o hibridoma , usado para profilaxia , diagnóstico e terapia de diversas doenças. Invenção especialmente útil diferenciando tumores .[ 2]
Referências ↑ Springer, Timothy A (June 2002). "César Milstein, the father of modern immunology". Nature Immunology 3 (6): 501–3. doi:10.1038/ni0602-501. PMID 12032559 . ↑ Milstein, C (1999). "The hybridoma revolution: an offshoot of basic research.". BioEssays 21 (11): 966–73. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199911)21:11<966::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z.
1978: George Davis Snell , Jean Dausset , Jon van Rood · 1979: Roger Sperry , Arvid Carlsson , Oleh Hornykiewicz · 1980: César Milstein , Leo Sachs , James Learmonth Gowans · 1981: Barbara McClintock , Stanley Norman Cohen · 1982: Jean-Pierre Changeux , Solomon Halbert Snyder , James Black · 1984/5: Donald Frederick Steiner · 1986: Osamu Hayaishi · 1987: Pedro Cuatrecasas , Meir Wilchek · 1988: Henri-Géry Hers , Elizabeth Neufeld · 1989: John Gurdon , Edward Lewis · 1990: Maclyn McCarty · 1991: Seymour Benzer · 1992: Judah Folkman · 1994/5: Michael Berridge , Yasutomi Nishizuka · 1995/6: Stanley Prusiner · 1996/7: Mary Frances Lyon · 1998: Michael Sela , Ruth Arnon · 1999: Eric Kandel · 2001: Avram Hershko , Alexander Varshavsky · 2002/3: Ralph Lawrence Brinster , Mario Capecchi , Oliver Smithies · 2004: Robert Allan Weinberg , Roger Tsien · 2005: Anthony Rex Hunter , Anthony Pawson , Alexander Levitzki · 2008: Howard Cedar , Aharon Razin · 2010: Axel Ullrich · 2011: Shinya Yamanaka , Rudolf Jaenisch · 2012: Ronald Mark Evans · 2014: Nahum Sonenberg , Gary Ruvkun , Victor Ambros · 2015: John Kappler , Philippa Marrack , Jeffrey Ravetch · 2016: Carl Ronald Kahn , Lewis Cantley · 2017: James Patrick Allison · 2019: Jeffrey Michael Friedman · 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier , Jennifer Doudna · 2021: Joan A. Steitz , Lynne Elizabeth Maquat , Adrian Robert Krainer
1915: Thomas Edison , Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 1916: John Joseph Carty , Theodore William Richards 1917: Hendrik Lorentz , David Watson Taylor 1918: Guglielmo Marconi , Thomas Corwin Mendenhall 1919: James Dewar , George Owen Squier 1920: Svante Arrhenius , Charles Algernon Parsons 1921: Charles Fabry , Frank Julian Sprague 1922: Ralph Modjeski , Joseph John Thomson 1923: Gustave-Auguste Ferrié , Albert Abraham Michelson 1924: Ernest Rutherford , Edward Weston 1925: Elihu Thomson , Pieter Zeeman 1926: Niels Bohr , Samuel Rea 1927: George Ellery Hale , Max Planck 1928: Charles Francis Brush , Walther Nernst 1929: Emil Berliner , Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1930: William Henry Bragg , John Frank Stevens 1931: James Hopwood Jeans , Willis Rodney Whitney 1932: Philipp Lenard , Ambrose Swasey 1933: Paul Sabatier , Irmãos Wright 1934: Irving Langmuir , Henry Norris Russell 1935: Albert Einstein , John Ambrose Fleming 1936: Frank Baldwin Jewett , Charles Kettering 1937: Peter Debye , Robert Andrews Millikan 1938: William Frederick Durand , Charles August Kraus 1939: Edwin Powell Hubble , Albert Sauveur 1940: Leo Baekeland , Arthur Holly Compton 1941: Edwin Armstrong , Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 1942: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker , Paul Dyer Merica 1943: George Washington Pierce , Harold Clayton Urey 1944: William David Coolidge , Pyotr Kapitsa 1945: Harlow Shapley 1946: Henry Clapp Sherman , Henry Tizard 1947: Enrico Fermi , Robert Robinson 1948: Wendell Meredith Stanley , Theodore von Kármán 1949: Theodor Svedberg 1950: Eugene Paul Wigner 1951: James Chadwick 1952: Wolfgang Pauli 1953: William Francis Gibbs 1954: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees 1955: Arne Tiselius 1956: Frank Whittle 1957: Hugh Stott Taylor 1958: Donald Wills Douglas 1959: Hans Bethe 1960: Roger Adams 1961: Detlev Bronk 1962: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 1963: Glenn Theodore Seaborg 1964: Gregory Breit 1965: Frederick Seitz 1966: Britton Chance 1967: Murray Gell-Mann 1968: Marshall Nirenberg 1969: John Archibald Wheeler 1970: Wolfgang Panofsky 1971: Hannes Alfvén 1972: George Kistiakowsky 1973: Theodosius Dobzhansky 1974: Nikolai Bogoliubov 1975: John Bardeen 1976: Mahlon Hoagland 1977: Cyril Manton Harris 1978: Elias James Corey 1979: George Evelyn Hutchinson 1980: Avram Goldstein , Lyman Spitzer 1981: Stephen Hawking 1982: César Milstein , Kenneth Wilson 1984: Verner Suomi 1985: George Claude Pimentel 1986: Benoît Mandelbrot 1987: Stanley Cohen 1988: Donald Knuth 1990: Hugh Huxley , David Turnbull 1992: Frederick Reines 1995: Gerardus 't Hooft 1996: Richard Smalley 1997: Mario Capecchi
1951: Howard Florey e Ian Heilbron • 1952: Frederic Bartlett e Christopher Kelk Ingold • 1953: Paul Fildes e Nevill Francis Mott • 1954: Hans Krebs e John Cockcroft • 1955: Vincent Wigglesworth e Alexander Todd • 1956: Owen Thomas Jones e Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1957: Frederick Gugenheim Gregory e William Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1958: Alan Hodgkin e Harrie Massey • 1959: Peter Brian Medawar e Rudolf Peierls • 1960: Roy Cameron e Bernard Lovell • 1961: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark e Cecil Frank Powell • 1962: John Eccles e Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1963: Herbert Harold Read e Robert Hill • 1964: Francis Brambell e Michael James Lighthill • 1965: Henry Charles Husband , John Kendrew e Raymond Lyttleton • 1966: Christopher Cockerell , Frank Yates e John Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1967: Joseph Hutchinson , John Zachary Young e Cecil Edgar Tilley • 1968: Gilbert Roberts , Walter Thomas James Morgan e Michael Atiyah • 1969: Charles William Oatley , Frederick Sanger e George Deacon • 1970: John Fleetwood Baker , William Albert Hugh Rushton e Kingsley Charles Dunham • 1971: Percy Edward Kent , Max Perutz e Gerhard Herzberg • 1972: Wilfrid Bennett Lewis , Francis Crick e Derek Barton • 1973: Edward Abraham , Rodney Porter e Martin Ryle • 1974: Sydney Brenner , George Edwards e Fred Hoyle • 1975: Barnes Wallis , David Chilton Phillips e Edward Bullard • 1976: Alan Walsh , James Learmonth Gowans e John Cornforth • 1977: John Adams , Hugh Huxley e Peter Hirsch • 1978: Tom Kilburn , Roderic Alfred Gregory e Abdus Salam • 1979: Vernon Ellis Cosslett , Hans Walter Kosterlitz e Frederick Charles Frank • 1980: John Paul Wild , Henry Harris e Denys Wilkinson • 1981: Ralph Riley , Marthe Louise Vogt e Geoffrey Wilkinson • 1982: César Milstein , William Hawthorne e Richard Dalitz • 1983: Daniel Joseph Bradley , Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg e John Kingman • 1984: Alexander Lamb Cullen , Mary Frances Lyon e Alan Battersby • 1985: John Argyris , John Gurdon e Roger Penrose • 1986: Eric Ash , Richard Doll e Rex Richards • 1987: Gustav Victor Rudolf Born , Eric James Denton e Francis Graham-Smith • 1988: Harold Barlow , Winifred Watkins e George Batchelor • 1989: John Vane , David Weatherall e John Charles Polanyi • 1990: Olgierd Zienkiewicz , Anne McLaren e Michael Berry • 1991: Basil John Mason , Michael Berridge e Dan Peter McKenzie • 1992: David Tabor , Michael Anthony Epstein e Simon Donaldson • 1993: Rodney Hill , Horace Barlow e Volker Heine • 1994: Salvador Moncada , Eric Mansfield e Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar • 1995: Donald Metcalf , Paul Nurse e Robert Williams • 1996: Robert Hinde , Jack Heslop-Harrison e Andrew Wiles • 1997: Geoffrey Eglinton , John Maynard Smith e Donald Hill Perkins • 1998: Edwin Southern , Ricardo Miledi e Donald Charlton Bradley • 1999: John Frank Davidson , Patrick David Wall e Archibald Howie • 2000: Tim Berners-Lee , Geoffrey Burnstock e Keith Usherwood Ingold
1976: Baruch Blumberg e Daniel Gajdusek • 1977: Roger Guillemin , Andrzej Schally e Rosalyn Yalow • 1978: Werner Arber , Daniel Nathans e Hamilton Smith • 1979: Allan Cormack e Godfrey Hounsfield • 1980: Baruj Benacerraf , Jean Dausset e George Snell • 1981: Roger Sperry , David Hubel e Torsten Wiesel • 1982: Sune Bergström , Bengt Samuelsson e John Vane • 1983: Barbara McClintock • 1984: Niels Jerne , Georges Köhler e César Milstein • 1985: Michael Stuart Brown e Joseph Goldstein • 1986: Stanley Cohen e Rita Levi-Montalcini • 1987: Susumu Tonegawa • 1988: James Black , Gertrude Elion e George Hitchings • 1989: John Michael Bishop e Harold Varmus • 1990: Joseph Murray e Edward Donnall Thomas • 1991: Erwin Neher e Bert Sakmann • 1992: Edmond Fischer e Edwin Krebs • 1993: Richard Roberts e Phillip Sharp • 1994: Alfred Gilman e Martin Rodbell • 1995: Edward Lewis , Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard e Eric Wieschaus • 1996: Peter Doherty e Rolf Zinkernagel • 1997: Stanley Prusiner • 1998: Robert Furchgott , Louis Ignarro e Ferid Murad • 1999: Günter Blobel • 2000: Arvid Carlsson , Paul Greengard e Eric Kandel