Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:
History [ edit ] Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến ) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.
Sino-Vietnamese exonyms [ edit ] Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms ). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan , which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin , Cantonese , Japanese , Korean , and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms . Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only 2 city in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.
Exonyms from other languages [ edit ] In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan , spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen , Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein . This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.
However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels , the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.[1]
There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French[citation needed ] . Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.
Other cases [ edit ] The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជា Kâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວ Lav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào . The names of Phnom Penh , Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញ Phnum Pénh , Lao ວຽງຈັນ Viangchan and Thai บางกอก Bāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh , Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc . Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà , and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa .
Afghanistan [ edit ] Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan[2] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Kabul Ka-bun[3] Kābol (کابل) Persian Kābəl (کابل) Pashto
Albania [ edit ] Albania An-ba-ni[4] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tirana Ti-ra-na[5] Tiranë Albanian
Algeria [ edit ] Algeria An-giê-ri English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Algiers thủ đô nước An-giê-ri Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) Standard Arabic
Argentina [ edit ] Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na[6] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Buenos Aires Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[7] Buenos Aires Spanish
Australia [ edit ] Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Melbourne Miêu Bình, Mai Bình[8] Melbourne English Sydney Xích-ni Sydney English
Austria [ edit ] Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Vienna Viên Wien German
Bahrain [ edit ] Bangladesh [ edit ] Bangladesh English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Dhaka Đắc-ca Dhaka (ঢাকা) Bengali
Belarus [ edit ] Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga[9] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Minsk Min-xcơ[10] Minsk (Мінск) Belarusian
Belgium [ edit ] Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích,[11] Bỉ[12] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Brussels Bức San, Brúc-xen[13] Brussel Dutch Bruxelles French
Brazil Ba Tây,[14] Bi Lê Diên Lô,[15] Bra-xin[16] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Brasilia Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[17] Brasilia Portuguese Rio de Janeiro Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô Rio de Janeiro Portuguese São Paulo Thánh Phao Lồ São Paulo Portuguese
Bulgaria [ edit ] Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri[18] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Sofia Xô-phi-a[19] Sofija (София) Bulgarian
Cambodia [ edit ] Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia) English Vietnamese Endonym Notes Name Language Angkor Đế Thiên Đế Thích Ângkôr (អង្គរ) Khmer Banteay Meas Sài Mạt Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស) Khmer Battambang Bát Tầm Bôn Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង) Khmer Bavet Truông Cát Bavĭt (បាវិត) Khmer Bokor Tà Lơn Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ) Khmer Damrei Mountains Tượng Sơn Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី) Khmer Kampot Cần Bột Kâmpôt (កំពត) Khmer Kep Bạch Mã Kêb (កែប) Khmer Kiri Vong Linh Quỳnh Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់) Khmer Koh Tang Hòn Thăng Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង) Khmer Koh Wai Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ) Khmer Kompong Chhnang Xà Năng Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) Khmer Kratié Cần Ché Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ) Khmer Lavek/Longvek La Bích Lvêk (ល្វែក) Lôngvêk (លង្វែក) Khmer Neak Loeung Hối Lương,[20] Cầu Nam 'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង) Khmer Peam Chor Biên Chúc Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ) Khmer Phnom Penh Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,[21] Phnôm Pênh[22] Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ) Khmer Pursat Phú Túc Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់) Khmer Siem Reap Xiêm Riệp[23] Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប) Khmer Sihanoukville Kâm Póng Sao,[24] Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម) Khmer Svay Rieng Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង) Khmer Tonlé Sap Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប) Khmer
Canada Gia Nã Đại English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language British Columbia Columbia Thuộc Anh British Columbia English Montreal Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn Montréal French Ottawa Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[25] Ottawa English Quebec Quế Bích Québec French Toronto Tô Luân Toronto English Vancouver Văn Cầu Vancouver English
China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Beijing Bắc Kinh Běijīng (北京) Mandarin Changchun Trường Xuân Chángchūn (长春) Mandarin Chengdu Thành Đô Chéngdū (成都) Mandarin Chongqing Trùng Khánh Chóngqìng (重庆) Mandarin Fujian Phúc Kiến Fújiàn (福建) Mandarin Hok-kiàn Hokkien Guangzhou Quảng Châu Guǎngzhōu (广州) Mandarin Guilin Quế Lâm Guìlín (桂林) Mandarin Hainan Hải Nam Hǎinán (海南) Mandarin Harbin Cáp Nhĩ Tân Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨) Mandarin Hohhot Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) Mandarin Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) Mongolian script Hong Kong Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông Xiānggǎng (香港) Mandarin Hēunggóng Cantonese Hong Kong English Inner Mongolia Nội Mông (Cổ) Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) Mandarin Öbür Monggol (ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)
Mongolian script Macau Áo Môn, Ma Cao Àomén(澳門) Mandarin Ōumún Cantonese Macau Portuguese Nanjing Nam Kinh Nánjīng (南京) Mandarin Sanya Tam Á Sānyà (三亚) Mandarin Shanghai Thượng Hải Shànghǎi (上海) Mandarin Shenzhen Thâm Quyến Shēnzhèn (深圳) Mandarin Sichuan Tứ Xuyên Sìchuān (四川) Mandarin Ürümqi U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) Mandarin Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) Uyghur Wuhan Vũ Hán Wǔhàn (武汉) Mandarin Xiamen Hạ Môn Xiàmén (厦门) Mandarin Xi'an Tây An Xī'ān (西安) Mandarin Yangtze River Trường Giang Cháng Jiāng (长江) Mandarin Zhengzhou Trịnh Châu Zhèngzhōu (郑州) Mandarin
Cyprus Đảo Síp[26] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Nicosia Ni-cô-xi-a[27] Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) Greek Lefkoşa Turkish
Czechia [ edit ] Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc[28] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Prague Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha[29] Praha Czech
Denmark [ edit ] Denmark Đan Mạch English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Copenhagen Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[30] København Danish Greenland Grin-len,[31] Thanh Đảo Grønland Danish Nuuk Nu-úc[32] Godthåb Danish
East Timor [ edit ] East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Dili Đi-li[33] Dili Tetum
Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Alexandria A-lếch-xan-đri-a al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية) Standard Arabic Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ) Coptic Cairo Kê Thành al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) Standard Arabic Maṣr (مَصر) Egyptian Arabic Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city , the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well. Port Said thành phố Cảng (Port) Said[34] Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد) Egyptian Arabic
Eritrea [ edit ] Estonia [ edit ] Estonia E-xtô-ni-a English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tallinn Ta-lin[36] Talin Estonian
Ethiopia [ edit ] Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a[37] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Addis Ababa A-đi A-ba-ba አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)[38] Amharic
Finland [ edit ] Finland Phần Lan English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Helsinki Hiệu Sinh Kì Helsinki Finnish
Georgia [ edit ] Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a[43] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tbilisi Tbi-li-xi[44] Tbilisi (თბილისი) Georgian
Germany [ edit ] Germany Đức, An-lê-mân[45] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Berlin Bá Linh, Béc-lin[46] Berlin German Cologne Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ Köln / Koeln German Hamburg Hàm Phủ Hamburg German Hanover An-nô-vi[47] Hannover German
Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách,[48] Gờ-réc English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Athens Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten[49] Athína (Αθήνα) Greek Ionian Islands Y Du Nhiên Greek Santorini Đảo San Hô Thíra (Θήρα) Greek Thessalonica Salonica Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Greek Zakynthos San-tê Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) Greek
Iceland [ edit ] Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len[50] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Reykjavik Rây-ki-a-vích[51] Reykjavík Icelandic
India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ganges sông Hằng Gangā (गंगा) Hindi Goa Cô Á Gōvā (गोवा) Hindi New Delhi Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li[52] Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली) Hindi
Indonesia [ edit ] Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a[53] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Aceh A Chinh[54] Aceh Indonesian Batavia Ba Thiềng modern-day Jakarta Jakarta Giang Lưu Ba Jakarta Indonesian Java Trảo Oa Java Indonesian Palembang Tam Phật Tề[55] Palembang Indonesian
Iran Ba Tư English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tehran Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran[56] Ťehrân (تهران) Persian
Iraq Y Lạp English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Baghdad Bác Đạt, Bát-đa Baghdad (بغداد) Standard Arabic
Ireland [ edit ] Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Dublin Đạp Lân, Đu-blin[57] Baile Átha Cliath Irish English name also used locally
Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Capri Ca Pha Lí[59] Capri Italian Genoa Giai Noa[60] Genoa Italian Naples Nạp Bồ Lê[60] Napoli Italian Rome La Mã Roma Italian Venice Vơ-ni-dơ Venezia Italian
Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Hiroshima Quảng Ðảo Hiroshima (広島) Japanese Hokkaido Bắc Hải Ðạo Hokkaidō (北海道) Japanese Honshu Bổn Châu Honshū (本州) Japanese Kansai Quan Tây Kansai (関西) Japanese Kanto Quan Ðông Kantō (関東) Japanese Kobe Thần Hộ Kōbe (神戸) Japanese Kyoto Kinh Ðô Kyōto (京都) Japanese Kyushu Cửu Châu Kyūshū (九州) Japanese Nagasaki Tràng Kỳ Nagasaki (長崎) Japanese Okinawa Xung Thằng Okinawa (沖縄) Japanese Osaka Đại Phản Ōsaka (大阪) Japanese Ryukyu Lưu Cầu Ryūkyū (琉球) Japanese Sapporo Trát Hoảng Sapporo (札幌) Japanese Sendai Tiên Ðài Sendai (仙台) Japanese Senkaku Tiêm Các Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) Japanese Shikoku Tứ Quốc Shikoku (四国) Japanese Tokyo Đông Kinh Tōkyō (東京) Japanese
While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba ), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.
Kazakhstan [ edit ] Kyrgyzstan [ edit ] Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Bishkek Bi-sơ-kếch Bishkek (Бишкек) Kyrgyz Russian
Laos Ai Lao, Lào English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Champasak Ba Thắc Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) Lao Houaphanh Sầm Châu Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) Lao Kingdom of Luang Phrabang Nam Chưởng Khamkeut Cam Cát Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) Lao Khammouane Cam Môn Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) Lao Luang Phrabang Luông Pha Băng,[64] Lão Qua Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) Lao Samneua Sầm Nứa Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) Lao Sam Tai Sầm Tộ Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້) Lao Vientiane Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn[65] Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) Lao Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling Xiangkhoang Trấn Ninh Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) Lao Xiengkho Trình Cố Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) Lao
Latvia Lát-vi-a[66] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Riga Ri-ga[66] Riga Latvian
Libya Li-bi[67] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tripoli Tri-po-li[68] Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic
Lithuania [ edit ] Luxembourg [ edit ] Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo[71] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Luxembourg City Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua Lëtzebuerg Luxembourgish
Malaysia [ edit ] Moldova [ edit ] Moldova Môn-đô-va[72] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Chisinau Ki-si-nhốp[73] Chișinău Moldovan
Mongolia [ edit ] Mongolia Mông Cổ[74] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ulaanbaatar Ulan Bato[75] Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) Mongolian Cyrillic Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) Mongolian script
Montenegro [ edit ] Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô[76] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Podgorica Pốt-gô-ri-xa Podgorica (Подгорица) Montenegrin
Morocco [ edit ] Morocco Ma-rốc English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Casablanca Bạch Ốc ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) Arabic Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) Berber languages Rabat Ra-bát ar-Rabat (الرباط) Arabic
Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô[77] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Mexico City Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[78] Ciudad de México Spanish
Myanmar [ edit ] Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện,[79] Diến Điện English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Naypyidaw Nây-pi-tô[80] Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) Burmese Yangon Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon[81] Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) Burmese
Netherlands [ edit ] Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Amsterdam Am Tước Đàm, Am-xtéc-đam[82] Amsterdam Dutch Rotterdam Luật Tước Đàm Rotterdam Dutch The Hague Hạc Phủ Den Haag Dutch
New Zealand [ edit ] North Korea [ edit ] North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Pyongyang Bình Nhưỡng Phyŏngyang (평양) Korean Hamhung Hàm Hưng Hamhǔng (함흥) Korean Rason La Tiên Rasŏn (라선) Korean Sinuiju Tân Nghĩa Châu Sinŭiju (신의주) Korean Kaesong Khai Thành Kaesŏng (개성) Korean Chongjin Thanh Tân Chŏngjin (청진) Korean Nampo Nam Phổ Nampho (남포) Korean Wonsan Nguyên Sơn Wŏnsan (원산) Korean
North Macedonia [ edit ] Norway Na Uy English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Oslo Ốt-xlô Oslo Norwegian
Pakistan [ edit ] Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Islamabad I-xla-ma-bát[87] Islamabad (اسلام آباد) Urdu
Philippines [ edit ] Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Manila Ma Ní Manila Tagalog Luzon Lữ Tống Luzon Tagalog
Poland Ba Lan English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Warsaw Vác-sa-va Warszawa Polish
Portugal [ edit ] Portugal Bồ Đào Nha English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Lisbon Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
Romania [ edit ] Romania Ru-ma-ni[88] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Bucharest Bu-ca-rét[89] București Romanian
Russia Nga La Tư, Nga English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Kamchatka Cam-sát-ca Kamchatka (Камчатка) Russian Moscow Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va Moskva (Москва) Russian Novosibirsk Nô-vô-xi-biếc Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) Russian Saint Petersburg Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) Russian Sevastopol Tô Bồ Lô[90] Sevastopol' (Севастополь) Russian Vladivostok Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông Vladivostok (Владивосток) Russian Volgagrad Vôn-ga-grát Volgagrad (Волгоград) Russian
Saudi Arabia [ edit ] Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Riyadh E-ri-át ar-Riyadh (لرياض) Standard Arabic
Singapore [ edit ] South Africa [ edit ] South Korea [ edit ] South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Busan Phủ Sơn Busan (부산) Korean Chungju Trung Châu Chungju (충주) Korean Daegu Đại Khâu Daegu (대구) Korean Gangnam Giang Nam Gangnam (강남) Korean Incheon Nhân Xuyên Inchŏn (인천) Korean Jeju Tế Châu Jeju (제주) Korean Seoul Hán Thành Xơ-un Hansŏng (한성) Sŏul (서울) Korean
Sri Lanka [ edit ] Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng,[100] Xri Lan-ca[101] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Colombo Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô[102] Kolamba (කොළඹ) Sinhala Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) Tamil
Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà[103] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Stockholm Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm[104] Stockholm Swedish
Switzerland [ edit ] Switzerland Thụy Sĩ[105] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Bern Bơn[106] Bern German Bärn Alemannic German Berne French Berna Italian Berna Romansch Geneva Genève[107] Genève French
Taiwan Đài Loan English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Hualien Hoa Liên Huālián (花蓮) Mandarin Kaohsiung Cao Hùng Gāoxióng (高雄) Mandarin Keelung Cơ Long[108] Jīlóng (基隆) Mandarin Taichung Đài Trung Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) Mandarin Tainan Đài Nam Táinán (台南 / 臺南) Mandarin Taipei Đài Bắc Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) Mandarin Taitung Đài Đông Táidōng (台东 / 臺東) Mandarin
Thailand [ edit ] Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc) English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ayutthaya Thượng Thành Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) Thai Bangkok Vọng Các, Băng Cốc Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) Thai Chanthaburi Chân Bôn Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) Thai Chiang Mai Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Thai Chiang Rai Chiềng Rai Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย) Thai Chiềng Hai Jiang Hai Northern Thai Ko Chang Dương Khảm Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) Thai Ko Kut Cổ Cốt Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) Thai Lopburi La Hộc Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) Thai Nakhon Phanom Na Khổng Phù Nam Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) Thai Nakhon Ratchasima Cổ Lạc Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) Thai Nakhon Si Thammarat Na Khổng Tam Hoạt Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) Thai Nongkhai Mường Nông Nongkhai (หนองคาย) Thai Pattani Tà Nê Pattani (ปัตตานี) Thai Sukhothai Xụ-khổ-thay Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) Thai
Tajikistan [ edit ] Tajikistan English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Dushanbe Đu-san-be Dushanbe (Душанбе) Tajik
Tunisia [ edit ] Tunisia Tuy-ni-di[109] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tunis Tuy-nít Tunis (تونس) Standard Arabic
Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky[110] English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ephesus Ê-phê-sô Efes Turkish Istanbul Tân La Mã İstanbul Turkish
Ukraine [ edit ] Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Kyiv Ki-ép Kyiv (Київ) Ukrainian
United Arab Emirates [ edit ] United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Abu Dhabi ʼAbū Ẓaby Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي) Arabic Dubai Đu-bai Dubey (دبيّ) Arabic
United Kingdom [ edit ] United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc , Vương quốc Anh , Liên hiệp Anh English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Edinburgh Ê-đin-brơ Edinburgh English Scots England Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao England English Northern Ireland Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan Northern Ireland English London Luân Đôn, Long-đôn London English Scotland Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[111] Scotland English Wales Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales Wales English
United States [ edit ] United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ English name Vietnamese name Notes Arlington, VA Ái Linh Tân Arlington, TX Baltimore Bạt Đế Mỗ Boston Bật Tân California Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha Harlem Hắc Lem Hawaii Hạ Uy Di Hollywood Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng Honolulu Hòn Lau Los Angeles Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê Manhattan Mã Nhật Tân[112] New Orleans Ngọc Lân,[113] Tân Linh New York Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York[114] New York City Thành phố New York North Carolina Bắc Carolina North Dakota Bắc Dakota Orange County Quận Cam Philadelphia Huynh Đệ thành San Francisco Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành Seven Corners Ngã Bảy[115] South Carolina Nam Carolina South Dakota Nam Dakota Washington Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân Washington, D.C. Oa-xinh-tơn West Virginia Tây Virginia
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.
Uzbekistan [ edit ] Uzbekistan English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes Name Language Tashkent Ta-sơ-ken Toshkent Uzbek
English name Vietnamese name Notes Alps Ân Lô Bi,[40] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ Annamite Mountains Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn Aral Sea Hàm Hải, Biển Aral Atlantic Ocean Đại Tây Dead Sea Biển Chết East China Sea Biển Hoa Đông Euphrates Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates Mount Everest đỉnh Everest Himalayas Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya Indian Ocean Ấn Độ Dương Indus River Sông Ấn (Độ) Issyk-Kul Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul Mediterranean Sea (Biển) Địa Trung Hải Mekong River Mê Kông, Cửu Long Nile River Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô Pacific Ocean Thái Bình Dương Palestine Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine Persian Gulf Vịnh Ba Tư Red Sea Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ Rocky Mountains Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky Sahara Desert Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara Sea of Japan Biển Nhật Bản Sunda Strait Cửa Song Đề,[116] eo biển Sunda South China Sea Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea ), Biển Đông Tigris Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris Baltic Sea Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic
References [ edit ] ^ "How Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese handle foreign names" . www.cjvlang.com . Retrieved 2020-12-02 . ^ "Áp-ga-ni-xtan" . Áp-ga-ni-xtan (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Pốt-gô-ri-xa" . Pốt-gô-ri-xa (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Ti-ra-na" . Ti-ra-na (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "HOAN HÔ ANH BẢY CHÀ VÀ?! - báo Việt Luận - Úc châu" . www.vietluan.com.au . Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ, p 190 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Brúc-xen" . Brúc-xen (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2023-11-18 . ^ "Giới thiệu về Hội thảo các nước Đông Á - Mỹ Latinh" . Vietnam MoFA . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 198 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Bun-ga-ri" . Bun-ga-ri (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Xô-phi-a" . Xô-phi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ Lê Hương. Chợ trời biên giới Việt Nam-Cao Miên . Glendale, CA: Đại Nam, ?. p 99. ^ "Đúng, Kim Biên chỉ thủ đô Phnom Penh" . vnexpress.net . ^ "Phnôm Pênh" . Phnôm Pênh (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Xiêm Riệp" . Xiêm Riệp (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-03-18 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Đảo Síp" . Đảo Síp (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Ni-cô-xi-a" . Ni-cô-xi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Séc" . Séc (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Pra-ha" . Pra-ha (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Cô-pen-ha-gen" . Cô-pen-ha-gen (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Grin-len" . Grin-len (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Nu-úc" . Nu-úc (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Những Điều Phải Làm Ở Thành phố Cảng Said 2024 - Hướng Dẫn Du Lịch Ở Thành phố Cảng Said - Vé Địa Điểm Tham Quan Được Đề Xuất Ở Thành phố Cảng Said, Khách Sạn, Nơi Để Tham Quan, Nơi Ăn Uống Và Nhà Hàng" . TRIP.COM (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-01-02 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Ta-lin" . Ta-lin (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "A-đi A-ba-ba · Ethiopia" . A-đi A-ba-ba · Ethiopia (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2023-08-18 . ^ a b c Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336. ^ a b Phạm Phú Thứ. p 252. ^ "Pa ri" . Pa ri (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 251. ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 190 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. P 190 ^ Phạm Phúc Thứ. p 191, 195 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Niu Đê-li" . Niu Đê-li (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 70 ^ "Bảo tàng Lịch sử quốc gia/Tin tức" . baotanglichsu.vn . Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 267. ^ a b Phạm Phú Thứ. p 250. ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Luang Prabang - Luông Pha Băng miền Bắc Lào, luang prabang luong pha bang mien bac lao" . indochinasensetravel.com (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2023-08-18 . ^ "Viêng Chăn" . Viêng Chăn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ a b "Lát-vi-a" . Lát-vi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Li-bi" . Li-bi (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-21 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-21 . ^ "Lít-va" . Lít-va (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Vin-ni-út" . Vin-ni-út (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Môn-đô-va" . Môn-đô-va (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Ki-si-nhốp" . Ki-si-nhốp (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Mông Cổ" . Mông Cổ (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Môn-tê-nê-grô" . Môn-tê-nê-grô (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Mê-hi-cô" . Mê-hi-cô (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti" . Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Mi-an-ma (Miến Điện)" . Mi-an-ma (Miến Điện) (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25 . ^ Tarragó, Ferran Ruiz I; Martí, Jordi Vivancos I; Roselló, Jordi Baldricr I (1992), "XTEC Online In-Service Teacher Training Project", Learning Technology in the European Communities , Springer Netherlands, pp. 243–250, doi :10.1007/978-94-011-2672-4_21 (inactive 2024-03-29), ISBN 978-94-010-5182-8 {{citation }}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link ) ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25 . ^ "Bắc Macedonia" . Bắc Macedonia (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Xcốp-pi-ê" . Xcốp-pi-ê (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Ru-ma-ni" . Ru-ma-ni (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ "Bu-ca-rét" . Bu-ca-rét (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 179 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ a b Phạm Phú Thứ. p 233. ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 235. ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 232. ^ a b Phạm Phú Thứ. p 244. ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 358. ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 75 ^ "Xri Lan-ca" . Xri Lan-ca (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 199 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Genève · Thụy Sĩ" . Genève · Thụy Sĩ (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-03-18 . ^ "Cơ Long" . Cơ Long (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-20 . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 95 ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27 . ^ " "New York Tháng Mười Một" " . ^ "Taberd.org - Châu thành Ngọc Lân (New Orleans, Louisiana)" . taberd.org . ^ "Google Maps" . Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ " "Cộng đồng người Việt ở Washington" " . ^ Phạm Phú Thứ. p 73 Lữ-y Đoan. Sấm truyền ca Genesia . Montréal: Tập san Y sĩ, 2000. Phạm Phú Thứ. Nhật ký đi Tây . HCM: Đà Nẵng, 1999. See also [ edit ]