Springfield Model 1865

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Springfield Model 1865
Type	Breech-loading rifle
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Used by	United States
Wars	American Civil War
Production history
Designer	Erskine S. Allin
Designed	1865
Manufacturer	Springfield Armory
Specifications
Length	56 in (1,400 mm)
Barrel length	40.0 in (1,020 mm)
Cartridge	Rimfire .58-60-500
Action	Trapdoor
Rate of fire	User dependent; usually 8 to 10 rounds per minute
Feed system	Breech-loading
Sights	Open sights

The Springfield Model 1865 was an early breech-loading rifle manufactured by U.S. Springfield Armory. It was a modification of the Springfield Model 1861 with trapdoor action. It was replaced by the Springfield Model 1866, which featured a more streamlined and robust breach mechanism.

During the U.S. Civil War, the advantage of breech-loading rifles became obvious. The rifled muskets used during the war had a rate of fire of 2 or 3 rounds per minute. Breech-loading rifles increased the rate of fire to 8 to 10 rounds per minute with the additional advantage that they can be easily loaded from a prone, rather than standing, position, reducing the rifleman's visible cross section and thus vulnerability to counter-fire. As the Civil War drew to a close, the U.S. Ordnance Department requested prototypes of breech-loading weapons from arms manufacturers all over the world.

After considerable testing, the trapdoor action prototype developed by Erskine S. Allin of the government-operated Springfield Armory was chosen for its simplicity and the fact that it could be produced by the modification of existing Springfield Model 1863 muskets. These modifications cost about $5 per rifle (around $103 in 2024), which was a significant saving at a time when new rifles cost about 4× as much. Patent No. 49,959 was issued to Erskine S. Allin on September 19, 1865, describing the design.

The conversion from musket to breech-loader was done by milling open the barrel's breech section and inserting a hinged "trapdoor" breechblock fastened to the top of the barrel. A thumb-operated cam latch at the rear of the breechblock held it shut when in closed position. The rack-type system extractor was withdrawn automatically as the breech-block was opened and snapped back at the end of its stroke. The firing pin was housed within the breech-block. The hammer nose was flattened to accommodate the firing pin.

The hinged breechblock rotated up and forward, known as a "trapdoor" mechanism, to open the breech of the rifle and permit insertion of a cartridge.

Approximately 5,000 Civil War Model 1861 rifled muskets were converted at the Springfield Armory in 1866. It soon became apparent that many of the small working parts in the breech system needed to be more robust, and the action was too complicated for normal service use. This resulted in a new, less complex rifle already being tested before the Model 1865 production order was completed, causing the Model 1865 to be called the "First Allin" (after its designer, Erskine S. Allin, and the revised Model 1866 to be called the "Second Allin".^{[citation needed]}

The Model 1865 fired a rimfire .58-60-500 cartridge (.58 inch 500-grain (32 g) bullet, 60 grains (3.9 g) of black powder), the caliber matching that of the Civil War Minié ball, which was originally used in 3earlier Springfield rifles.

The Model 1865 quickly became obsolete, and most of them were sold in the 1870s to several American arms dealers. At the time, there was a large demand in the US for shorter cadet-style^[clarify] rifles. To satisfy this need, these dealers cut the barrels and stocks to make short rifles with 33" and 36" barrel lengths. Likewise, the stock wrists were often thinned for cadet use.

• Springfield rifle

• "Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army" By Jerold E. Brown, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001
• "The .58 and .50 Caliber Rifles and Carbines of the Springfield Armory" by Richard A. Hosmer, Published by North Cape Publications, May 2006

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