ギリシア祖語

ギリシア祖語（英: Proto-Greek）、またはヘレニック祖語（英: Proto-Hellenic）は、インド・ヨーロッパ語族に属する言語であり、ミュケーナイ語、それに続く古代ギリシア語諸方言（つまり、アッティカ方言・イオニア方言・アイオリス方言・ドーリス方言・古代マケドニア方言・アルカディア=キプロス方言）、最終的にはコイネー・ギリシア語、中世ギリシア語、現代ギリシア語に連なる、古代から現在にかけて知られている全てのギリシア諸語の祖先である。ギリシア祖語の時代は、ミュケーナイ語の前身を話していたヘレニック人の移民が青銅器時代のある時期にギリシア半島（Greek peninsula）に入ったことによって終わりをつげたと考えられている^[1]。

起源[編集]

ギリシア祖語は当初はインド・ヨーロッパ語の方言であった。新石器時代後期に、後にギリシア祖語に変化するこの方言の話者は黒海の北西部にあった故地からバルカン半島に至り、ギリシア半島に入った。ギリシア祖語への変化は、個別の言語の正確な境界を引くことを困難にする早期の古バルカン言語連合（Paleo-Balkan sprachbund）の環境の下^[2]で考えられるかもしれない。また祖語における語頭の喉音が母音挿入によって実現されるというギリシア語に特徴的な変化を一例として、いくつかの音韻・形態論的特徴をアルメニア語派とギリシア語は共有している。これから、証拠は余り残っていないが、一部の言語学者^[3]は仮説的にヘレニック語派とアルメニア語派のあいだの類縁関係が近い (Graeco-Armenian) ことを提案している。

ギリシア祖語はほとんど早期ヘラディック期（後期前4000年紀、およそ紀元前3200年頃）から南ヨーロッパの新石器時代^[4]^[5]の終わりに向けて話されていた。Russel GrayとQuentin Atkinsonは2003年の論文で、スワデシュ・リストから計算言語学的な方法で、ギリシア・アルメニア語もしくはギリシア・アーリア語の分裂に紀元前5000年ごろ、ギリシア語とアルメニア語が分岐した言語系統になったのは紀元前4000年ごろという風に、もう少し早い時代を推定している^[6]。

音韻[編集]

ギリシア祖語は次に記す音素で構成されていたと考えられている^[7]:

子音

タイプ	両唇音	舌尖音	口蓋化	軟口蓋音	硬口蓋音	声門音
鼻音	m	n	ɲ^{[注釈 1]}
破裂音	p b pʰ	t d tʰ	ť^{[注釈 1]} ď^{[注釈 1]}	k g kʰ	kʷ gʷ kʷʰ
破擦音		ts^{[注釈 2]} dz^{[注釈 2]}
摩擦音		s				h
流音		l r	ľ^{[注釈 1]} ř^{[注釈 1]}
半母音			j		w

母音

タイプ	前母音	中母音	後母音
高舌母音	i ī		u ū
中段母音	e ē	ə^{[注釈 2]}	o ō
低舌母音		a ā

二重母音は ai ei oi ui, au eu ou, āi ēi ōi, そしておそらく āu ēu ōu である。これらはすべてそれぞれ表に対応する母音と半母音の列と同じ順序の異音である。
正確には各単語の母音の1つは高低アクセントをとる（アッティカ方言のアキュートアクセントに相当する）。

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 口蓋化 ČČ < Cy の結果としてのみ長子音化が起こり、 ť はまた pť < py と組み合わせて起こる。
^ ^a ^b ^c 表音の評価はまだ確定したものでない。

脚註[編集]

[脚注の使い方]

^ A comprehensive overview in J.T. Hooker's Mycenaean Greece (Hooker 1976, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (Renfrew 1973, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in Bronze Age Migrations by R.A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).
^ Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. ISBN 978-3-82-531449-1, p. 35: "Greek The fragmentation of the Balkan Proto-Indo-European Sprachbund of phase II around 3000 BC led gradually in the succeeding centuries to the much clearer definition of the languages of the constituent sub-regions."
^ Clackson, James (1995). The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631191971.
^ 例えばVladimir I. Georgievがギリシア祖語を後期新石器時代に北西ギリシアにおいている。(Georgiev 1981, p. 192: "Late Neolithic Period: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks.")
^ Coleman, John E. (2000). "An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C." The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 28 (1–2): 101–153.
^ Gray & Atkinson 2003, pp. 437–438; Atkinson & Gray 2006, p. 102: "Hittite appears to have diverged from the main Proto-Indo-European stock around 8700 years ago, perhaps reflecting the initial migration out of Anatolia. Indeed, this date exactly matches estimates for the age of Europe’s first agricultural settlements in southern Greece. Following the initial split, the language tree shows the formation of separate Tocharian, Greek, and then Armenian lineages, all before 6000 BP, with all of the remaining language families formed by 4000 BP. We note that the received linguistic orthodoxy (Indo-European is only 6000 years old) does approximately fit the divergence dates we obtained for most of the branches of the tree. Only the basal branches leading to Hittite, Tocharian, Greek and Armenian are well beyond this age."
^ Hamp, Eric P. (1960). “Notes on Early Greek Phonology”. Glotta 38 (3/4): 187-203. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265810.

出典[編集]

Anthony, David (2010). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400831104
Buck, Carl Darling (1933). Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Clackson, James (1995). The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631191971
Coleman, John E. (2000). “An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C.”. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 28 (1–2): 101–153. https://www.academia.edu/4908240.
Demand, Nancy (2012). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405155519
Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691029512
Dickinson, Oliver (December 1999). “Invasion, Migration and the Shaft Graves”. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 43 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x.
Feuer, Bryan (2004). Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002, Revised Edition. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers. ISBN 9780786417483
Filos, Panagiotis (2014). “Proto-Greek and Common Greek”. In Giannakis, G. K.. Brill Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics III. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 175–189. https://www.academia.edu/37191974
Fortson, Benjamin W., IV (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9789535172611
Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1973). “The Arrival of the Greeks in Greece: The Linguistic Evidence”. Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield. London: Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited. pp. 243–253. ISBN 978-0-7156-0580-6
Hall, Jonathan M. (1997). Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78999-8
Hooker, J. T. (1976). Mycenaean Greece. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710083791
Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010) [2007]. Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (Second ed.). Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4443-1892-0
Katona, A. L. (2000). “Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory”. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 28 (1–2): 65–100.
Littauer, M. A.; Crouwel, J.H. (1996). “Robert Drews and the Role of Chariotry in Bronze Age Greece”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15 (3): 297–305. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1996.tb00087.x.
Mallory, J. P. (2003). “The Homeland of the Indo-Europeans”. Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 93–121. ISBN 1134828772
Parker, Holt N. (2008). “The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered”. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (en:American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 77 (3): 443–444. doi:10.2972/hesp.77.3.431. ISSN 0018-098X. JSTOR 40205757. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205757.
Parpola, Asko; Carpelan, Christian (2005). “The Cultural Counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan: Matching the Dispersal and Contact Patterns in the Linguistic and Archaeological Record”. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 107–141. ISBN 9780700714636
Ramón, José Luis García (2017). “41. The Morphology of Greek”. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: Volume 1. Mouton: De Gruyter. pp. 654–681. doi:10.1515/9783110261288. ISBN 9783110261288
Renfrew, Colin (1973). “Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin”. Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. 263–276. ISBN 0-7156-0580-1
Renfrew, Colin (2003). “Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area”. Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. ISBN 978-3-82-531449-1
Schwyzer, Eduard (1939) (ドイツ語). Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Grugmanns Griechischer Grammatik. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 9783406033971
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508345-8
West, M. L. (1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780191591044
Woodard, Roger D. (2008). “Chapter 3: Greek dialects”. In Woodard, Roger D.. The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–72. ISBN 978-1-139-46932-6

参考文献[編集]

Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-2150-2

[fn1-8] 口蓋化 ČČ < Cy の結果としてのみ長子音化が起こり、 ť はまた pť < py と組み合わせて起こる。

[fn2-9] 表音の評価はまだ確定したものでない。

[1] A comprehensive overview in J.T. Hooker's Mycenaean Greece (Hooker 1976, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (Renfrew 1973, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in Bronze Age Migrations by R.A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).

[2] Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. ISBN 978-3-82-531449-1, p. 35: "Greek The fragmentation of the Balkan Proto-Indo-European Sprachbund of phase II around 3000 BC led gradually in the succeeding centuries to the much clearer definition of the languages of the constituent sub-regions."

[3] Clackson, James (1995). The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631191971.

[4] 例えばVladimir I. Georgievがギリシア祖語を後期新石器時代に北西ギリシアにおいている。(Georgiev 1981, p. 192: "Late Neolithic Period: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks.")

[5] Coleman, John E. (2000). "An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C." The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 28 (1–2): 101–153.

[6] Gray & Atkinson 2003, pp. 437–438; Atkinson & Gray 2006, p. 102: "Hittite appears to have diverged from the main Proto-Indo-European stock around 8700 years ago, perhaps reflecting the initial migration out of Anatolia. Indeed, this date exactly matches estimates for the age of Europe’s first agricultural settlements in southern Greece. Following the initial split, the language tree shows the formation of separate Tocharian, Greek, and then Armenian lineages, all before 6000 BP, with all of the remaining language families formed by 4000 BP. We note that the received linguistic orthodoxy (Indo-European is only 6000 years old) does approximately fit the divergence dates we obtained for most of the branches of the tree. Only the basal branches leading to Hittite, Tocharian, Greek and Armenian are well beyond this age."

[7] Hamp, Eric P. (1960). “Notes on Early Greek Phonology”. Glotta 38 (3/4): 187-203. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265810.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[注釈 1]

[注釈 2]