Yunfu Cantonese
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| Yunfu Cantonese | |
|---|---|
| 云浮白话 / 雲浮白話 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Yunfu, Guangdong |
Native speakers | (400,000 cited 1995)[1] |
| Han characters | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Yunfu Cantonese or Yunfu vernacular[2] (simplified Chinese: 云浮白话; traditional Chinese: 雲浮白話) is a dialect of Yue Chinese spoken in Yunfu, Guangdong, China. It is classified as a variety of Yuehai Yue,[1] or in more recent classification, Guangfu Yue.[3]
Phonology[edit]
This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in Yuncheng.
Initials[edit]
The inventory of initials consists of 20 consonants (including the null initial):[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | ||||||
| Stop | plain | p 爸 | t 打 | k 家 | kʷ[A] 怪 | (ʔ)[B] 矮 | |
| aspirated | pʰ 怕 | tʰ 他 | kʰ 茄 | kʷʰ[A] 葵 | |||
| Affricate | plain | t͡s 坐 | |||||
| aspirated | t͡sʰ 初 | ||||||
| Fricative | f 花 | s 社 | h 下 | ||||
| Nasal | m 妈 / 媽 | n[C] 拿 | ŋ 我 | ||||
| Approximant | l[C] 罗 / 羅 | j[A] 野 | w[A] 蛙 | ||||
- ^ a b c d Zhan & Cheung (1998:16) analyze /j/, /w/ and the lip rounding in /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/ as part of finals.
- ^ This is the null initial. Syllables beginning with the null initial have some glottal constriction at the onset.[5]
- ^ a b Song, Yu & Zhuang (1995:16) report that speakers clearly distinguish /l/ and /n/, but Zhan & Cheung (1998:28) describe /n/ as having weak nasality and may sometimes sound similar to /l/.
Tones[edit]
Traditional accounts consider there to be eight tone categories:[6][7]
| Syllable type | Open syllables | Checked syllables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional tone name | dark flat 阴平 / 陰平 | light flat 阳平 / 陽平 | dark rising 阴上 / 陰上 | light rising 阳上 / 陽上 | departing 去声 / 去聲 | dark entering 阴入 / 陰入[A] | mid entering 中入[B] | light entering 陽入 / 陽入 |
| Description | high level | low falling | mid rising | low rising | mid level | high level | mid level | low level |
| Example | 诗 / 詩 | 时 / 時 | 史 | 市 | 试 / 試 | 识 / 識 | 泄 | 食 |
| Tone letter (Chao tone numerals) | ˥ (55), ˥˧ (53)[C] | ˨˩ (21) | ˧˥ (35) | ˨˧ (23)[D] | ˧ (33) | ˥ (55) | ˧ (33) | ˨ (22) |
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Song, Yu & Zhuang 1995, p. 5.
- ^ Yan 2013.
- ^ Wu 2012, p. 127.
- ^ Song, Yu & Zhuang 1995, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Song, Yu & Zhuang 1995, p. 16.
- ^ Song, Yu & Zhuang 1995, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e Zhan & Cheung 1998, p. 31.
References[edit]
- Song, Changdong; Yu, Weiwen; Zhuang, Yiqun (1995). 云浮方言志 (in Chinese). Guangzhou: Guangdong Higher Education Press. ISBN 7-5361-1669-1.
- Wu, Wei (2012). B1—18 粤语. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 125–133. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
- Yan, Li-ming (2013). 云浮白话的疑问语气助词 [The Interrogative Particles in Yunfu Vernacular]. Journal of Guangdong University of Education (in Chinese). 33 (6): 78–86.
- Zhan, Bohui; Cheung, Yat-shing, eds. (1998). 粤西十縣市粤方言調查報告 [A Survey of Yue Dialects in West Guangdong] (in Chinese). Guangzhou: Jinan University Press. ISBN 7-81029-725-2.