The quality of mercy
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"The quality of mercy" is a speech given by Portia in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice (act 4, scene 1). In the speech, Portia, disguised as a lawyer, begs Shylock to show mercy to Antonio. The speech extols the power of mercy, "an attribute to God Himself".
The quality of mercy is not strain'd.
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest:
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes
The thronèd monarch better than his crown.
His scepter shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;
But mercy is above this sceptered sway.
It is enthronèd in the hearts of kings;
It is an attribute to God Himself;
And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew,
Though justice be thy plea, consider this:
That in the course of justice none of us
Should see salvation. We do pray for mercy,
And that same prayer doth teach us all to render
The deeds of mercy. I have spoke thus much
To the justice of thy plea,
Which, if thou follow, this strict court of Venice
Must needs give sentence 'gainst the merchant there.
Critical commentary[edit]
Portia, disguised as young lawyer Balthazar, begs Shylock for mercy after travelling from the fictional town of Belmont to Venice.[2] Mercy and forgiveness are recurring themes in Shakespeare.[3] According to Theodore Meron, Shakespeare presented mercy as a quality valuable to the most powerful people in a society.[4]
Harold Fisch argued that the words of Deuteronomy 32:2, “My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew; as the small rain upon the tender grass, and as the showers upon the herb,” were echoed in the first words of the speech, “The quality of mercy is not strained. / It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven / Upon the place beneath.”[5]
Trivia[edit]
Julia Louis-Dreyfus performed the first two sentences in her acceptance speech at the 2018 Mark Twain Prize in the character of Elaine Benes from the Seinfeld TV Series.[6]
The first sentence (minus the “upon ...” etc. and a slight misquote) is spoken by the character Barney Fife in The Andy Griffith Show episode titled "Dogs, Dogs, Dogs". In this episode, Barney also gives the famous soliloquy concerning the selfishness of giraffes.[citation needed]
Notes[edit]
- ^ The Merchant of Venice 4.1/190–212, Folger Shakespeare Library
- ^ Shakespeare, William (2010). Bate, Jonathan and Eric Rasmussen (ed.). The Merchant of Venice. Modern Library. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-1-58836-874-4.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Ron (2006). The Shakespeare Wars: Clashing Scholars, Public Fiascoes, Palace Coups. Random House. p. 536. ISBN 9780375503399.
- ^ Meron, Theodor (1998). Bloody Constraint: War and Chivalry in Shakespeare. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0195123832.
- ^ Harold Fisch. “The Song of Moses: Pastoral in Reverse.” In Poetry with a Purpose: Biblical Poetics and Interpretation, p. 55. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-253-34557-X.
- ^ Julia Louis-Dreyfus acceptance speech | 2018 Mark Twain Prize on YouTube
Further reading[edit]
- Halio, Jay L. (1993). "Portia: Shakespeare's Matlock?". Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature. 5 (1, A Symposium Issue on The Merchant of Venice). Cardozo School of Law: 57–64. doi:10.2307/743392. ISSN 1043-1500. JSTOR 743392.
- Kaiser, Leo M. (1946). "Shakespeare and St. Jerome". The Classical Journal. 41 (5). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: 219–220. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3291889.
- Karlan, Pamela S. (2011). "In Memoriam: William J. Stuntz". Harvard Law Review. 124 (8). The Harvard Law Review Association: 1841–1843. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 41306763.
- McKendy, Thomas (1988). "Gypsies, Jews, and The Merchant of Venice". The English Journal. 77 (7). National Council of Teachers of English: 24–26. doi:10.2307/818931. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 818931.
- Miller, Malcolm (2000–2001). "A Musical Banquet: The Tenth London International Jewish Music Festival (11 June – 13 July 2000)". Musica Judaica. 15. American Society for Jewish Music: 111–118. ISSN 0147-7536. JSTOR 23687774.
- Newman, Louis E. (1987). "The Quality of Mercy: on the Duty to Forgive in the Judaic Tradition". The Journal of Religious Ethics. 15 (2). Blackwell Publishing: 155–172. eISSN 1467-9795. ISSN 0384-9694. JSTOR 40015064.
- Perng, Ching-Hsi (2011). "A 'Bangzi Merchant of Venice' in Taipei: Yue/Shu (Bond)". Asian Theatre Journal. 28 (1). University of Hawai'i Press: 222–233. doi:10.1353/atj.2011.0014. eISSN 1527-2109. ISSN 0742-5457. JSTOR 41306478. S2CID 161349603.
- Pollard, Alfred W. (1925). "Verse Tests and the Date of Sir Thomas More". The Review of English Studies. 1 (4). Oxford University Press: 441–443. doi:10.1093/res/os-I.4.441. eISSN 1471-6968. ISSN 0034-6551. JSTOR 508705.