Military ranks and insignia of the Soviet Union (1918–1935)

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1. Soldiers of the Army of Taman, note the ribbon and red cap insignia that were typical of the Red Guards and early Red Army as well as the large red chevron that commemorated the unit's breakout through enemy lines.[1]

In the period from 1918 to 1935 of the young Soviet Union any "bourgeois" military ideas were put under general suspicion by the communists, the new political establishment. Amongst other things, this led to the old tsarist ranks being replaced with a new tradition of rank designations and insignia for the new Red Army and the nascent Soviet Navy.

Origins and the Red Guards[edit]

The Red Guards[edit]

The beginnings of the Red Army and its early departure from Tsarist tradition can be seen in the Red Guards that preceded it in 1917. These armed bands, primary composed of factory workers and other 'proletarians', were a wholly volunteer force where commanders were elected during militia meetings.[2][3] After their creation following the February Revolution, they began to wear cloth red stars and diagonal (top right to bottom left) red strips on caps, and red ribbons alongside red cloth armbands however the extent to which any of these were worn varied.[4][5] Some armbands would have writing displaying date of formation, locality or factory of origin of the unit, detachment number and/or simply the words Red Guard whilst others could have designs (an example being a depiction of Saint George from Moscow) or badges (such as the militia shield badge introduced after November).[6]

The inception of the Red armed forces and its initial insignia[edit]

On 8 November, the day after the October Revolution, the Committee on Military and Naval Affairs (later renamed to the Soviet of People's Commissars on Military and Naval Affairs) was formed with the goal of creating the new "People's Army" where the revolutionary ideals of equality and liberty were to be implemented.[7] The army was officially created on 15 January 1918.[8] The shoulder boards of the old regime and all tsarist insignia were previously abolished by the Provisional Government but were now replaced by Red Guard stars and diagonal strips on caps in the Red Army whilst a "profusion of red distinctions: cockade, cap band, and collar among others" were worn in the Red Navy.[9][4][10]

The symbols of the new army weren't the only thing passed down from the Red Guards. The Red Army in its first few months of life was a volunteer force of no more than 200,000 men (by 20 April) who also elected their commanders.[11] The levelling of military grades and neglecting of rank designation were symptomatic of this new, yet temporary, order. The first common rank designation throughout the Red Army was Red Army man (Russian: kрасноармеец, romanized: krasnoarmeyets) or, in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Navy, Red Fleet man (Russian: kраснофлотец, romanized: krasnoflotets). Personnel designated to command a military unit of any size were named "red commander" (Russian: красный командир, krasnyi komandir abbreviated краском; kraskom); the same day the army was created, a red cloth star on the left sleeve was introduced to identify such leaders.[12] The first Soviet cadets graduated with the title of "platoon commander" (Russian: командир взвода, komandir vzvoda, abbreviated komvzvoda) but this was later changed to "red commander" for the sake of equal chances for progression amongst soldiers. Officially there were no officers in the Red Army and the distinction indicated a different post rather than a different rank, this superficial distinction was replaced once again with a system of ranks in 1935.[11]

The colour red in Russia[edit]

For centuries red (Krasnaia in Russian) had been the colour of defiance and revolution but within Russia, it had its own meanings. Red had been a favoured colour of the Tsars, using it prominently in their architecture such as in the Red Square for example. Iconic buildings in Russia already sporting a revolutionary hue alongside Krasnaia also meaning beautiful gave the colour additional propaganda usage to the Bolsheviks.[13] Despite these positive traits, for centuries a red flag on tall town buildings had a more sinister meaning - a plague outbreak; in the early days of the Civil War this led to White units taking a wide berth around Soviet controlled settlements. The Bolsheviks did persevere in the face of this negative connotation however and red became the de facto symbol of their brand of revolution.[14]

Origins of the red star[edit]

There are a few stories of how the red star came to be the symbol of the Red armed forces, some more reputable than others. One credible story says that in 1917, members of the Moscow garrison were ordered to wear white tin stars on their caps to differentiate themselves from the mass influx of troops returning from the front against the Central Powers. When a revolutionary air came over them, the garrison painted these stars red with the Bolsheviks approving so much of the idea that it would become the official symbol of the Soviet military. Another less reputable story claims that the star was introduced by the large section of Jews in the young government and military who saw the Revolution as the in-progress building of the Promised Land in Russia. Either way, the official line from the Bolsheviks was that the star represented world revolution on the five continents.[a][15]

The Civil War (1918-1922)[edit]

2. Examples of both official and unofficial Red Army rank and branch sleeve insignia 1919-1922.

In early 1918 it had become apparent that the new model of army was inadequate, both small in number and typically ineffectual in the face of the Germans and Anton Denikin's men.[16] The election of commanders was abandoned and conscription for men ages 21 to 26 was introduced on 12 June.[17] This new found professionalism along with the Soviets gradually growing control over administrative and manufacturing power lead to greater standardisation and the creation of new insignia in addition to a new rank structure in this period.[b] One of the greatest weaknesses of the Reds during the Civil War were their ineffectual logistics: this meant that, combined with a lack of discipline surrounding uniform in many units, the introduction of new insignia would only be on paper for large portions of the army. Discipline around this was so absent in fact that it wasn't uncommon for commanders to wear their rank patches in varying designs and all kinds of imaginative arrangements before either the official arrangement was introduced or discipline improved.[18][19][20]

1918[edit]

General Red Army Insignia[edit]

No longer content with Red Guard hand-me-downs, the Red Army adopted new insignia of their own. First the new emblem for the Red Army, the Revolutionary Military Symbol of the Red Army (a large enamel red star containing a brass hammer and plough device with an oak branch on the left side and a laurel on the right making a wreath surrounding the star), which was meant to be worn either as a cap badge or on the left breast (see table 1). Introduced in July 1918, it was initially meant to be worn only by commanders and military cadets but was soon adopted by all Red Army servicemen. Soon after, a dedicated cap badge (officially referred to as a cockade) was introduced bearing a semblance to the first but with wreath removed.[21] At first two of the points were uppermost, before it was directed that a single point of the star should face the 12 o'clock position at the end of 1918.[21] Besides the official badge designs, many unofficial variants of this cap badge were worn (more or less fitting the same description)[11] with still others having to resort to the use of the gold stars from discarded officer's shoulder boards for their cap badges during the first years of the Civil War.[22]

Chest badge & cap badges of the Red Army (1918-1922)
Revolutionary Military Symbol

of the Red Army
(in the centre of a silver wreath)

Red star
cockade 		Cockade as of
Order No. 953
(from April 13, 1922)[23] 		Cockade as of
Order No. 1691
(from July 11, 1922)[24]

Development of the future insignia of the Red Army[edit]

On 25 April 1918 by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, a Commission on the Elaboration of Uniform was formed. A competition was to be prepared to find new designs for Red Army uniforms, rank insignia, and branch colours. The competition commenced on 7 May with many prominent designers and artists participating until at last on 18 December the Revolutionary Military Council had made its decision.[25] On 29 November 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved these proposals and agreed to these new rank designations being used by both the Red Guards and the Red Army.[26]

Rank group Red commanders (1919-1923)
Sleeve insignia
Russian Командующий фронтом
Komanduyuschiy frontom 		Командующий армией
Komanduyuschiy armiey 		Командир корпуса
Komandir korpusa 		Начальник дивизии
Nachal'nik divisi'i 		Командир бригады
Komandir brigady
English Front commander Army commander Army corps commander Division chief Brigade commander
Rank group Red commanders (1919-1923)
Sleeve insignia
Russian Командир полка
Komandir polka 		Командир батальона
Komandir batal'jona 		Помощник командира батальона
Pomoschnik komadira batal'jona 		Командир роты
Komandir roty
Командир эскадрона
Komandir eskadrona 		Помощник командира роты
Pomoschnik komandira roty
Помощник командира эскадрона
Pomoschnik komandira eskadrona 		Командир взвода
Komandir vzvoda
English Regiment commander Battalion commander Deputy battalion commander Company commander
Squadron commander 		Deputy company commander
Deputy squadron commander 		Platoon leader
Rank group Red Commanders (1919-1923) Red Army Men
Sleeve Insignia
Russian Старшина роты
Starshina roty
Старшина батареи
Starshina batarei
Старшина эскадрона
Starshina eskadrona 		Помощник командира взвода
Pomoschnik komandira vzvoda 		Командир отделения
Komandir otdeleniya 		Красноармеец
Krasnoarmeyets
English Company senior
Battery senior
Squadron senior

(all equivalent to sergeant major)

Deputy platoon leader Squad leader Red Army man

1919[edit]

On 16 January 1919 the official adoption of the new uniforms and insignia was announced by the Revolutionary Military Council via Order No. 116.[12]

Branch Branch colour (1919-1923)
General Staff Black piped crimson
Infantry Crimson
Cavalry Medium blue
Artillery Orange (later black)
Engineers Black
Armour (Engineers) Black
Medical Service Colour of branch
Air Service Light blue
Border Guards Dark green

Naval ranks (1921–1924)[edit]

With the definite beginning of the rehabilitation of the Soviet Navy in 1923–24 came the introduction of rank appointments for ratings and officers of the Navy. These ranks, however, began to be used during the Civil War years and were sanctioned in 1921.

  • Red Fleetman (original designation: Krasnoflotez)
  • Boatswain/Starshina (Botsman/Starshina)
  • Squad leader (Komandir otdeleniya – short: Komot/ Otdeljonnyj komandir)
  • Group commander (Komandir gruppy – short: Komgrup)
  • Combatant Commander (Komandir boyevoy chast – Kombocha)
  • Assistant Ship Commander (Pomoshchnik komandira korablya – Pomkomkor)
  • Senior assistant ship commander (Starshy pomoshchnik komandira korablya – Stapomkomkor)
  • Ship Commander (Komandir korablya – Komkor)
  • Naval Battalion Commander (Komandir diviziona korabley – Komdivzkor)
  • Naval Brigade commander (Komandir brigady korabley – Kombrikor)
  • Naval Division chief (Nachalnik divisiy korabley – short: Nachdivkor)
  • Chief of Naval Forces of the USSR (Nachalnik morskoi sily SSSR – Nachmorsi SSSR)

Uniform insignia followed the traditions of the Imperial Navy but with sleeve insignia for officers and all ratings, but the uniform itself remained the same as its Imperial Russian predecessors.

Distinction insignia and ranks (1924–1935)[edit]

The following ranks were used by the Soviet military from 1924 to 1935. The new ranks came as a result of new People's Commisariat for Defense regulations concerning military ranks and appointments.

Army and air force ranks[edit]

High commanders[edit]

Rank group High commanders and chiefs
Collar insignia[27]
Service category К-14 К-13 К-12 К-11 К-10
Russian Командующий войсками фронта (округа)
Komanduyushchiy voyskami fronta (okruga) 		Командующий армией
Komanduyushchiy armiyey 		Командир корпуса
Komandir korpusa 		Командир дивизии
Komandir divizii 		Командир бригады
Komandir brigady
English Commander of the front (district) troops Army commander Corps commander Divisional commander Brigade commander

Senior and medium commanders[edit]

Rank group Senior commanders and chefs Medium commanders and chefs
Collar insignia[27]
Service category К-9 К-8 К-7 К-6 К-5 К-4 К-3
Russian Командир полка
Komandir polka 		Помощник командира полка
Pomoshchnik komandira polka 		Командир батальона
Komandir batal'ona 		Помощник командира батальона
Pomoshchnik komandira batal'ona 		Командир роты
Komandir roty 		Помощник командира роты
Pomoshchnik komandira roty 		Командир взвода
Komandir vzvoda
English Regimental commander Assistant regimental commander Battalion commander Assistant battalion commander Company commander Assistant company commander Platoon commander

Junior commanders and enlisted men[edit]

Rank group Junior commanders and chefs Enlisted men
Collar insignia[27]
Service category К-2 К-2 К-1 К-1 -
Russian Старшина роты (батареи)
Starshina roty (batarei) 		Помощник командира взвода
Pomoshchnik komandira vzvoda 		Командир отделения
Komandir otdeleniya 		Командир звена
Komandir zvena
/

Помощник командира отделения
Pomoshchnik komandira otdeleniya

Красноармеец
Krasnoarmeyets
English Company (Battery) Senior

(Equivalent to Sergeant Major)

Assistant platoon commander Section commander Squad leader
/

Assistant section commander

Red Army man

Navy[edit]

High commanders[edit]

Rank group High command level
Sleeve insignia
Service category К-13 К-12 К-11 К-10
Russian Командующий флотом
Komanduyushchiy flotom 		Командующий флотилией
Komanduyushchiy flotiliyey 		Командующий эскадрой
Komanduyushchiy eskadroy 		Командир бригады кораблей
Komandir brigady korabley
English Fleet commander Flotilla commander Squadron commander Ship brigade commander

Senior and medium commanders[edit]

Rank group Senior command level Medium command level
Sleeve insignia
Service category К-9 К-8 К-7 К-6 К-5 К-4 К-3
Russian Командир корабля 1-го ранга
Komandir korablya 1-go ranga 		Старший помощник командира корабля 1-го ранга
Starshiy pomoshchnik komandira korablya 1-go ranga 		Командир корабля 2 ранга
Komandir korablya 2 ranga 		Командир корабля 3 ранга
Komandir korablya 3 ranga
/
Старший помощник командира корабля 2 ранга
Starshiy pomoshchnik komandira korablya 2 ranga 		Командир корабля 4 ранга
Komandir korablya 4 ranga
/
Старший помощник командира корабля 3 ранга
Starshiy pomoshchnik komandira korablya 3 ranga 		Старший помощник командира корабля 4 ранга
Starshiy pomoshchnik komandira korablya 4 ranga 		Командир боевой части
Komandir boyevoy chasti
English Ship commander 1st grade Senior assistant ship commander 1st grade Ship commander 2nd grade Ship commander 3rd grade
/
Senior assistant ship commander 2st grade 		Ship commander 4th grade
/
Senior assistant ship commander 3st grade 		Senior assistant ship commander 4th grade Combat section commander

Low commanders and enlisted men[edit]

Rank group Low command level Enlisted men
Sleeve insignia
Service category К-2 К-2 К-1 К-1 (0)
Russian Старшина боевой части
Starshina boyevoy chasti
/
Главный боцман
Glavnyy botsman 		Заместитель командира боевого поста
Zamestitel komandira boevogo posta
/
Старший боцман
Starshiy botsman 		Командир отделения
Komandir otdeleniya
/
Боцман
Botsman 		Командир группы
Komandir gruppy
/
Помощник командира отделения
Pomoshchnik komandira otdeleniya 		Краснофлотец
Krasnoflotets
English Chief of the combat section
/
Chief boatswain 		Assistant combat station commander
/
Senior boatswain 		Section commander
/
Boatswain 		Group leader
/
Assistant section commander 		Red Navy man

The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, created in September 1935, took first precedence over all ranks since then. With the new Marshal rank being introduced, the Council of People's Commissars began the process of phrasing out the 1924 rank system.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Presumably Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
  2. ^ The word professionalism is used loosely here as whilst the Red Army did strive to become a more regular and disciplined force, poor behaviour and appalling levels of desertion among other things were common.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 38.
  2. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 4.
  3. ^ Bullock 2008, p. 26.
  4. ^ a b Thomas 2014, p. 35.
  5. ^ Khvostov 1996, pp. 4, 20.
  6. ^ Khvostov 1996, pp. 3–4.
  7. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 5.
  8. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 6.
  9. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 22.
  10. ^ Knotel, Knotel & Sieg 1980, p. 467: The authors did not specify particular dates here, simply "After the Revolution". The authors defined a cockade as follows: "Bow of ribbon (later circular or oval insignia) bearing national colours or emblem; worn on the headdress as an identifying feature". They describe the Red Star as a cockade.
  11. ^ a b c Khvostov 1996, p. 7.
  12. ^ a b Thomas 2014, p. 39.
  13. ^ Bullock 2008, p. 28.
  14. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 20.
  15. ^ Khvostov 1996, pp. 20–21.
  16. ^ Bullock 2008, p. 32.
  17. ^ Bullock 2008, p. 33.
  18. ^ Figes 1990, pp. 170–171.
  19. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 33.
  20. ^ Thomas 2014, p. 40.
  21. ^ a b Khvostov 1996, p. 21.
  22. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 40.
  23. ^ Order number 953 of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Red Army from April 13, 1922 on structure and design of the "Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" cap cockade.
  24. ^ Order number 1691 of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Red Army from July 11, 1922 on structure and design of the "Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" cap cockade.
  25. ^ Khvostov 1996, p. 23.
  26. ^ Decision of the "All-Russian Central Executive Committee" from November 29, 1918 on uniforms and rank designations of the so-called Red Guards.
  27. ^ a b c Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (WPRA); rank insignia 1924–1935 as to the order of the Revolutionary Military Soviet of the USSR Nr. 1244 from October, 1924; here small collar patch (raspberry-coloured with black piping) to tunic (infantry and generally other army units and facilities).

Bibliography[edit]

  • Khvostov, Mikhail (1996). Men-at-Arms 293: The Russian Civil War (1) The Red Army. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 1 85532 608 8.
  • Thomas, Nigel (2014). Men-at-Arms 497: Armies of the Russo-Polish War 1919-21. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 1 4728 0106 7.
  • Bullock, David (2008). Essential Histories 69: The Russian Civil War 1918-22. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 1 84603 271 4.
  • Knotel, Richard; Knotel, Herbert; Sieg, Herbert (1980). Uniforms of the World: A Compendium of Army, Navy, and Air Force Uniforms, 1700-1937. Great Britain: New Orchard Editions. ISBN 1 85079 109 0.
  • Figes, Orlando (1990). "The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920". Past & Present. 129.
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