Callianax biplicata

Callianax biplicata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Family:	Olividae
Genus:	Callianax
Species:	C. biplicata
Binomial name
Callianax biplicata Sowerby, 1825
Synonyms
Oliva biplicata G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 Olivella biplicata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) † Olivella biplicata angelena T. Oldroyd, 1918 Olivella biplicata fucana Oldroyd, 1921 Olivella biplicata lapillus Vanatta, 1915 Olivella biplicata parva Oldroyd, 1921

Callianax biplicata, common names the purple dwarf olive, purple olive shell, or purple olivella is a species of small predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Olividae, the olives.^[1]

Distribution[edit]

Callianax biplicata snails are found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean coasts from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico.^[2]

Habitat[edit]

This species is common on sandy substrates intertidally and subtidally, in bays and the outer coast.^[2]

Life habits[edit]

These snails are carnivorous or omnivorous sand-burrowers.

Shell description[edit]

This shell of this species is quite solid, and large for an Olivella, with adult shells ranging from 20 mm to 27 mm in length, about one inch. The shell is smooth, shiny, and is an elongated oval in shape. The shell is often some shade of greyish purple, but it can also be whitish, tan, or dark brown. On the darker color forms there is often some rich yellow above the suture on the spire.

At the anterior end of the long narrow aperture there is a siphonal notch, from which the siphon of the living animal protrudes.

• 
  Callianax biplicata, a pale individual
• 
  Callianax biplicata, the dark morph

Human use[edit]

Native people of central and southern California used the shell of this species to make decorative beads for at least the last 9,000 years.^[3] Such beads have been discovered in archaeological contexts as far inland as Idaho and Arizona.^[4] Within the past 1,000 years these beads began to be manufactured in large quantities on southern California's Santa Barbara Channel Islands, indicating that they were used for shell money.^[5] The historic Chumash people called them anchum.^[6]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Arnold, J.E. and A.P. Graesch. 2001. The Evolution of Specialized Shellworking Among the Island Chumash. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: the Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by J.E. Arnold, pp. 71–112. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
• Bennyhoff, James A. and Richard E. Hughes. 1987. Shell Bead and Ornament Exchange Networks between California and the Western Great Basin. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 64:79-175.
• Fitzgerald, Richard T., Terry L. Jones, and Adele Schroth. 2005. Ancient Long Distance Trade in Western North America: New AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Southern California. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:423-434.
• McLean, J.H. (2007) Gastropoda. In Carlton, J.T. (Ed.) Light and Smith's Manual. Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 713–753
• Powell II, C. L.; Vervaet, F.; Berschauer, D. (2020). A taxonomic review of California Holocene Callianax (Olivellidae:Gastropoda:Mollusca) based on shell characters. The Festivus. Supplement - special issue, 1-38.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olivella biplicata.

• Sowerby, G. B., I. (1825). A catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late Earl of Tankerville : arranged according to the Lamarckian conchological system: together with an appendix, containing descriptions of many new species London, vii + 92 + xxxiv pp
• Oldroyd, T.S. (1918). Olivella biplicata angelena, var. nov. The Nautilus. 32(1): 34- 35
• Vanatta, E.G. (1915). Notes on Oliva. The Nautilus. 29(6): 67-75
• "Olivella biplicata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.