Mecillinam
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| Trade names | Coactin, Leo, Selexid, Selexidin |
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| Routes of administration | Intravenous, intramuscular |
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| Bioavailability | Negligible |
| Protein binding | 5 to 10% |
| Metabolism | Some hepatic metabolism |
| Elimination half-life | 1 to 3 hours |
| Excretion | Renal and biliary, mostly unchanged |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.046.601 |
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| Formula | C15H23N3O3S |
| Molar mass | 325.43 g·mol−1 |
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Mecillinam (INN) or amdinocillin (USAN) is an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic of the amidinopenicillin class that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2),[2] and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria. It is used primarily in the treatment of urinary tract infections, and has also been used to treat typhoid and paratyphoid fever.[3][4] Because mecillinam has very low oral bioavailability, an orally active prodrug was developed: pivmecillinam.
Medical uses[edit]
Mecillinam is used in the treatment of infections due to susceptible gram-negative bacteria, especially urinary tract infections which are most commonly caused by Escherichia coli.[5] Mecillinam is active against most pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some species of Proteus.[6] Several studies have also found it to be as effective as other antibiotics for treating Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection, though it is Gram-positive, possibly because mecillinam reaches very high concentrations in urine.[1]
Worldwide resistance to mecillinam in bacteria causing urinary tract infection has remained very low since its introduction; a 2003 study conducted in 16 European countries and Canada found resistance to range from 1.2% (Escherichia coli) to 5.2% (Proteus mirabilis).[7] Another large study conducted in Europe and Brazil obtained similar results — 95.9% of E. coli strains, for instance, were sensitive to mecillinam.[8]
Adverse effects[edit]
The adverse effect profile of mecillinam is similar to that of other penicillins.[2] Its most common side effects are rash and gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting.[1]
History[edit]
With the codename FL 1060, mecillinam was developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company Leo Pharmaceutical Products (now LEO Pharma). It was first described in the scientific literature in a 1972 paper.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Nicolle LE (August 2000). "Pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infections". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 46 (Suppl A): 35–39. doi:10.1093/jac/46.suppl_1.35. PMID 10969050.
- ^ a b Neu HC (1985). "Amdinocillin: a novel penicillin. Antibacterial activity, pharmacology and clinical use". Pharmacotherapy. 5 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1985.tb04448.x. PMID 3885172. S2CID 46561080.
- ^ Clarke PD, Geddes AM, McGhie D, Wall JC (July 1976). "Mecillinam: a new antibiotic for enteric fever". British Medical Journal. 2 (6026): 14–15. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6026.14. PMC 1687648. PMID 820402.
- ^ Geddes AM, Clarke PD (July 1977). "The treatment of enteric fever with mecillinam". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 3 (Suppl B): 101–102. doi:10.1093/jac/3.suppl_b.101. PMID 408321.
- ^ Wagenlehner FM, Schmiemann G, Hoyme U, Fünfstück R, Hummers-Pradier E, Kaase M, et al. (February 2011). "[National S3 guideline on uncomplicated urinary tract infection: recommendations for treatment and management of uncomplicated community-acquired bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients]" [National S3 guideline on uncomplicated urinary tract infection: recommendations for treatment and management of uncomplicated community-acquired bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A (in German). 50 (2): 153–169. doi:10.1007/s00120-011-2512-z. PMID 21312083. S2CID 115699373.
- ^ Pham P, Bartlett JG (August 28, 2008). "Amdinocillin (Mecillinam)". Point-of-Care Information Technology ABX Guide. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2008. Retrieved on August 31, 2008. Freely available with registration.
- ^ Kahlmeter G (January 2003). "An international survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections: the ECO.SENS Project". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 51 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg028. PMID 12493789.
- ^ Naber KG, Schito G, Botto H, Palou J, Mazzei T (November 2008). "Surveillance study in Europe and Brazil on clinical aspects and Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology in Females with Cystitis (ARESC): implications for empiric therapy". European Urology. 54 (5): 1164–1175. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.05.010. PMID 18511178.
- ^ Lund F, Tybring L (April 1972). "6 -amidinopenicillanic acids--a new group of antibiotics". Nature. 236 (66): 135–137. doi:10.1038/236135c0. PMID 4402006. S2CID 4293996.
- ^ Tybring L, Melchior NH (September 1975). "Mecillinam (FL 1060), a 6beta-amidinopenicillanic acid derivative: bactericidal action and synergy in vitro". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 8 (3): 271–276. doi:10.1128/aac.8.3.271. PMC 429305. PMID 170856.