List of people from Berlin
From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The following is a list of notable people who were born in Berlin, Germany.
Politicians and statesmen[edit]
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- Friedrich Ancillon (1767–1837), Prussian historian and statesman.[1]
- Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg (1803–1868), statesman and politician
- Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932), politician (SPD), member of the Reichstag
- Berthold von Bernstorff (1842–1917), politician and owner of Schiermonnikoog.[2]
- Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), noblewoman and mother of Christian III (King of Denmark)
- Rudy Boschwitz (born 1930), U.S. Senator from Minnesota and former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, born to a Jewish family in Berlin.
- Rainer Brüderle (born 1945), politician (FDP)
- Sawsan Chebli (born 1978), politician (SPD)
- Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941), politician (CDU), Governing Mayor of Berlin
- Kurt Eisner (1867–1919), politician (SPD, USPD)
- Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.[3]
- Frederick William (1620–1688), Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia from 1640 until 1688.[4]
- Frederick William I (1688–1740), King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until 1740.[5]
- Frederick William II (1744–1797), King of Prussia from 1786 until 1797.[6]
- Stefan Gelbhaar (born 1976), politician (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen)
- Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach (1795–1877), judge, politician and journalist
- George V of Hanover (1819—1878), King of Hanover from 1851 until 1866.[7]
- Gregor Gysi (born 1948), politician (The Left)
- Klaus Gysi (1912–1999), Minister of Culture and state secretary for church affairs of GDR
- Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885), brother of future German emperor William I.[8]
- Reinhard Klimmt (born 1942), politician (SPD), Prime Minister of Saarland
- Hans Luther (1879–1962), Chancellor in the Weimar Republic
- David McAllister (born 1971), politician (CDU), Prime Minister of Niedersachsen
- Erich Mielke (1907–2000), head of the Stasi
- Petra Pau (born 1963), politician (The Left)
- Hugo Preuss (1860–1925), lawyer and "father of the Weimar Constitution"
- Jesko von Puttkamer (1855–1917), colonial military chief, and nine times governor of Cameroon
- Walther Rathenau (1867–1922), industrialist, politician (DDP) and Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic
- Baldur von Schirach (1907–1974), leader of the Hitlerjugend 1931–1940, Reich governor in Vienna
- Rupert Scholz (born 1937), politician (CDU)
- Käte Selbmann (1906–1962), teacher and politician (KPD/SED/DFD)[9]
- Paul Singer (1844–1911), SPD co-founder, whose chairman and Reichstag, producer
- Willi Stoph (1914–1999), politician (SED), Chairman of the State Council
- Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929), politician (DVP), chancellor and foreign minister of the Weimar Republic, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
- Otto Wels (1873–1939), politician (SPD)
- William I, German Emperor (1797–1888), German Emperor.[10]
- Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859–1941), German Emperor.[11]
- Wilhelmine of Prussia (1709–1758), Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.[12]
- Klaus Wowereit (born 1953), politician (SPD), Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014
Entrepreneurs[edit]
- Ellen Allien, musician, DJ, founder of music label BPitch Control
- Heinz Berggruen (1914–2007), art dealer
- Ernst Dümmler (1830–1902), bookseller and historian.[13]
- Alexander Duncker (1813–1897), publisher and bookseller
- Friedrich Karl Flick (1927–2006), industrialist and billionaire
- Albert Göring (1895–1966), engineer and business manager
- Klaus and Eva Herlitz (born 1947 and 1952 respectively), business people and the initiators of the Buddy Bears
- Günter Herlitz (1913-2010), business people
- Bernhard Koehler (1849-1927), industrialist and art collector
- Gustav Langenscheidt (1832–1895), language teacher, book publisher, and the founder of Langenscheidt Publishing Group
- Ernst Litfaß (1816–1874), publisher, inventor of the Litfaßsäule
- Joseph Mendelssohn (1770–1848), banker.[14]
- Franz Oppenheim (1852-1929), industrialist and chemist
- Harald Quandt (1921–1967), industrialist
- Hasso Plattner (born 1944), co-founder of SAP SE software company
- Emil Rathenau (1838–1915), industrialist and founder of the AEG
- Wolf Jobst Siedler (1926–2013), publisher and publicist
- Arnold von Siemens (1853-1918), entrepreneur and industrialist
- Carl Friedrich von Siemens (1872–1941), industrialist
- Georg Wilhelm von Siemens (1855-1919), industrialist
- Georg Solmssen (1869-1957), German banker
- Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener (1782-1861), German banker and patron of the arts
Military officers[edit]
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- Hans-Rudolf Boehmer (born 1938), Vice Admiral A.D. the German Navy, inspector of the navy (1995–1998)
- Karl von Bülow (1846–1921), Prussian field marshal
- Heinz Brandt (1907–1944), General Staff officer
- Adolf von Brauchitsch (1876-1935), German major general
- Walther von Brauchitsch (1881-1948), German field marshal
- Leo von Caprivi (1831–1899), Vice Admiral of the Imperial German Navy, politicians, Chancellor as a successor Bismarck.[15]
- Karl Dönitz (1891–1980), Grand admiral and commander of the German Navy in WWII
- Maximilian von Edelsheim (1897-1994), general
- Max von Fabeck (1854–1916), Prussian general
- Maximilian Vogel von Falckenstein (1839–1917), Prussian general
- Friedrich Wilhelm Quirin von Forcade de Biaix (1699–1765), Prussian general
- Georg Freiherr von Gayl (1850–1927), Prussian general
- Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach (1790–1861), Prussian general
- Karl von Grolman (1777–1843), Prussian general.[16]
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow (1678–1739), Prussian field marshal
- Wilhelm von Hahnke (1833–1912), Prussian field marshal
- Henning von Holtzendorff (1853–1919), German admiral
- Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein (1725–1800), Prussian field marshal
- Otto von Knobelsdorff (1886-1966), German general
- Christian Nicolaus von Linger (1669–1755), Prussian general
- Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow (1782–1834), Prussian lieutenant general
- Erich von Manstein (1887–1973), German field marshal
- Alexander von Monts (1832–1888), Prussian and German Imperial Navy officer
- Elhard von Morozowicz (1893–1934), Der Stahlhelm official and SA General
- Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf (1762–1823), Prussian field marshal
- Jürgen Oesten (1913–2010), German Korvettenkapitän in the Kriegsmarine
- Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski (1899–1966), German general
- Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape (1813–1895), Prussian field marshal
- Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia (1730–1813), Prussian general
- Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873), Prussian admiral
- Albert of Prussia (1837–1906), Prussian general field marshal
- Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828-1873), Prussian field marshal
- Henry of Prussia (1726–1802), 13 child king Frederick William. I in Prussia, the Prussian commander army
- Albert von Rauch (1829–1901), Prussian general
- Fedor von Rauch (1822-1892), cavalry officer in the Prussian Army
- Friedrich von Rauch (1855–1935), Prussian general
- Gustav Waldemar von Rauch (1819–1890), Prussian general
- Nikolaus von Rauch (1851–1904), Prussian colonel
- Klaus Reinhardt (1941–2021), German general
- August Otto Rühle von Lilienstern (1780–1848), Prussian lieutenant general
- Sigismund von Schlichting (1829–1909), Prussian general
- Alfred von Schlieffen (1833–1913), Prussian field marshal
- Samuel von Schmettau (1682–1751), Prussian field marshal
- Rudolf Schmidt (1886–1957), German general
- Friedrich von Sohr (1775–1845), Prussian colonel
- Christoph Ludwig von Stille (1696–1752), Prussian general
- Günther Tamaschke (1896–1959), Nazi SS concentration camp commandant
- Carl Friedrich Heinrich, Graf von Wylich und Lottum (1767–1841), Prussian general
Scientists[edit]
- Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (1806–1886), mineralogist and geologist.[17]
- Franz Karl Achard (1753–1821), chemist, geoscientist, physicist and biologist.[18]
- Michael Albeck (born 1934), Israeli chemist; President of Bar-Ilan University
- Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798 – ca.1854), psychologist and philosopher.[19]
- Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896), physiologist and public intellectual.[20]
- Max Delbrück (1906–1981), biophysicist
- Paul Erman (1764–1851), a Huguenot physicist.[21]
- Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), philosopher, physiologist and physicist.[22]
- Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (1921–2015), Dutch astronomer
- Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), geographer, naturalist, explorer, and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.[23]
- Julius Klaproth (1783–1835), orientalist, explorer, historian and ethnographer.[24]
- Edmund Landau (1877–1938), mathematician
- Paul Langerhans (1847–1888), pathologist, physiologist, and biologist
- Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn (1711-1756), physician
- Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782), chemist.[25]
- Bernhard Hermann Neumann (1909–2002), mathematician
- Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), naturalist, botanist and zoologist.[26]
- Wolf-Dieter Schneider (born 1942), German metallurgist and university professor
- Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), polar researcher, geophysicist and meteorologist
- Adolf Windaus (1876–1959), chemist who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928
- Carl Gustav Witt (1866–1946), astronomer and discover of two asteroids
- Konrad Zuse (1910–1995), civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer
Judges and lawyers[edit]
- Heinz Drossel (1916–2008), judge, was honored as Righteous Among the Nations
- Eduard Gans (1797–1839), jurist.[27]
- Rudolf von Gneist (1816–1895), jurist and politician.[28]
- Wilhelm Heinrich von Grolman (1781–1856), lawyer, Berlin Court of Appeal president (the "righteous judge")
- Fritz Oppenheimer (1898–1968), lawyer
- Jutta Limbach (1934–2016), President of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany from 1994 to 2002, as the first woman in this office
- Hans-Jürgen Papier (born 1943), President of the Federal Constitutional Court s 2002–2010
Theologians[edit]
- Kurt Aland (1915–1994), theologian
- Albrecht of Brandenburg (1490–1545), archbishop of Magdeburg and Elector of Mainz, Lord Chancellor of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.[29]
- Otto Dibelius (1880–1967), leading member of the Confessing Church, bishop of Berlin, Chairman of the Council of Evangelical Church, president of Ecumenical Council
- Regina Jonas (1902–1944), first woman in history to be ordained as a rabbi
Authors, historians, journalists, scholars and philosophers[edit]
- Achim von Arnim (1781–1831), author, poet and novelist.[30]
- Gisela von Arnim (1827–1889), author
- Bernd-Rainer Barth (born 1957), historian and publicist
- Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762), philosopher.[31]
- Heinrich Becker (1770–1822), actor.[32]
- Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), philosopher
- Ludwig Borchardt (1863–1938), Egyptologist
- Adolf Brand (1874-1945), writer
- Gottfried Gabriel Bredow (1773–1814), historian.[33]
- Heinrich Brugsch (1827–1894), Egyptologist.[34]
- Friedrich von Canitz (1654-1699), poet and diplomat.[35]
- Hoimar von Ditfurth (1921–1989), physician, writer and journalist
- Georg Ebers (1837–1898), Egyptologist.[36]
- Ernst Ehrlich (1921–2007), German-Swiss Judaic scholar and historian
- Joachim Fest (1926–2006), historian, journalist and author
- Paul Friedlander (1882–1968), philologist and writer
- Kurt Großmann (1897-1972, journalist
- Hans Gustav Güterbock (1908–2000), Hittitologist
- Hans von Hentig (1887–1974), criminologist
- Kurt Hiller (1885-1972), writer, journalist and essayist
- Gerald Holton (born 1922), science historian and physicist
- Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin.[37]
- Maybrit Illner (born 1965), journalist
- Robert Jungk (1913–1994), writer, journalist and futurist
- Manuela Kay (born 1964), journalist and writer
- Klemens von Klemperer (1916–2012), historian
- Luise Kraushaar (1905–1989), historian
- Bernhard von Kugler (1837–1898), historian
- Günther von Lojewski (1935–2023), journalist
- Wolf von Lojewski (born 1937), journalist
- Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979), German-American philosopher, political scientist and sociologist
- Erich Maschke (1900–1982), historian and professor of history
- Hildegard Maria Nickel (born 1948), sociologist specializing in gender studies
- Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943), sociologist and economist
- Iris Radisch (born 1959), journalist
- Peter Rüchel (1937–2019), music journalist
- Hajo Seppelt (born 1963), journalist
- Georg Simmel (1858–1918), sociologist, philosopher
- Gabor Steingart (born 1962), journalist and author
- Ludwig Tieck (1773–1853), poet, translator, editor, novelist.[38]
- Kurt Tucholsky (1890-1935), journalist and writer
- Rahel Varnhagen (1771–1833), writer and prominent salon host.[39]
- Theodor Wolff (1868-1943), journalist and writer
Actors, architects, artists, comedians, directors and singers[edit]
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- Ken Adam (1921–2016) set designer
- Nadja Auermann (born 1971), supermodel
- Die Ärzte band members, Farin Urlaub and Bela B
- Peer Augustinski (1940–2014), actor
- Hugo Egon Balder (born 1950), actor and comedian
- Mario Barth (born 1972), comedian
- Karl Becker (1820-1900), painter
- Reinhold Begas (1831–1911), sculptor.[40]
- Michael Ballhaus (1935–2017), cinematographer
- Tim Bendzko (born 1985), singer-songwriter
- Dagmar Berghoff (born 1943), actress, radio and television presenter
- Folker Bohnet (1937–2020), actor, theatre director and playwright
- Horst Buchholz (1933–2003), actor
- Buddy, singer
- Karl August Devrient (1797–1872), stage actor.[41]
- Ludwig Devrient (1784–1832), actor.[42]
- Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992), singer and actress
- Christoph von Dohnányi (born 1929), conductor
- Angelica Domröse (born 1941), actress
- Caroline Fischer (born 1984), pianist
- Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1925–2012)
- Klaus Doldinger (born 1936), saxophonist
- Elton (born 1971), comedian and television presenter
- Alexander Fehling (born 1981), actor
- Hansjörg Felmy (1931–2007), actor
- Julia Franck (born 1970), writer
- Naomi Frankel (1918–2009), novelist
- Peter Frankenfeld (1913–1979), comedian, radio and television personality
- Liv Lisa Fries (born 1990), actress
- Claus Theo Gärtner (born 1943), actor
- Bonaventura Genelli (1798–1868), painter.[43]
- Götz George (1938–2016), actor
- Kurt Gerron (1897-1944), actor
- Valeska Gert (1892–1978), dancer and cabaret artist
- Walter Gronostay (1906-1937), composer
- Walter Gropius (1883–1961), architect
- Georg Grosz (1893–1959), painter
- Nina Hagen (born 1955), singer
- Karoline Herfurth (born 1984), actress
- Judith Hermann (born 1970), writer
- Paul Heyse (1830–1914), writer, novelist, dramatist and poet.[44]
- Martina Hill (born 1974), actress
- Margot Hielscher (1919–2017), actress
- Alfred Hirschmeier (1931-1996), film production designer
- Marta Husemann (1913-1960), actress, communist and resistance fighter
- Harald Juhnke (1929–2005) actor, singer, comedian and entertainer
- Roland Kaiser (born 1952), singer
- Nastassja Kinski (born 1961), actress
- Johanna von Koczian (1933–2024), actress
- Wolfgang Kohlhaase (1931–2022), screenwriter and film director
- Hildegard Knef (1925–2002) singer and actress
- Asuman Krause (born 1976) German-Turkish singer, model and TV personality[45]
- Hardy Krüger (1928–2022), actor
- Fritz Kühn (1910-1967), visual artist
- Peer Kusmagk (born 1975), actor
- Paul Landers (born 1964), musician of band Rammstein
- Maria Landrock (1923-1992), actress
- Kevyn Lettau (born 1959), singer jazz
- Max Liebermann (1847–1935), painter.[46]
- Paul Lincke (1866–1946), composer and theatre conductor
- Christian Lorenz (born 1966), musician of band Rammstein
- Albert Lortzing (1801–1851), composer, librettist, actor and singer.[47]
- Ernst Lubitsch (1892–1947), film director, producer, writer, and actor
- Florian Lukas (born 1973), actor
- Markus Majowski (born 1964), actor and comedian
- Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864), an opera composer.[48]
- Inge Meysel (1910–2004), actress
- Helmut Newton (born Helmut Neustädter) (1920–2004), photographer
- Désirée Nick (born 1956), actress and writer
- Erik Ode (1910-1983), actor and film director
- Gerd Oswald (1919-1989), film director
- Kerstin Ott (born 1982), singer
- Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752), composer, lived in England.[49]
- Oliver Petszokat (born 1978), singer
- Günter Pfitzmann (1924–2003), actor
- Hans Poelzig (1864–1936), architect
- André Previn (1929–2019), pianist, conductor and composer
- Jürgen Prochnow (born 1941), actor
- Rammstein band members, Paul Landers, bassist Oliver Riedel, drummer and keyboardist Christian Lorenz
- Ivan Rebroff (1931-2008), singer
- Leni Riefenstahl (1902–2003), photographer, film director, producer, screenwriter and editor
- Marianne Rosenberg (born 1955), singer
- Hans Rosenthal (1925–1987), radio editor, director, and radio and television host
- Erna Sack (1898-1972), soprano singer
- Tom Schilling (born 1982), actor
- Wilhelm Schirmer (1802–1866), painter.[50]
- Cornelia Schleime (born 1953), painter, performer, filmmaker and author
- Jörn Schlönvoigt (born 1986), actor and singer
- Christoph Schneider (born 1966), musician of Band Rammstein
- Louis Schneider (1805–1878), actor and author.[51]
- Klaus Schulze (1947–2022), electronic music pioneer, composer and musician
- Tomer Sisley (born 1974), Israeli humorist, actor, screenwriter, comedian, and film director
- Max Skladanowsky (1863-1939), early filmmaker and co-inventor of Bioscop
- Elke Sommer (born 1940), actor
- Detlef Soost (born 1970), dancer, choreograph and TV-presenter
- Ingrid Steeger (1947–2023), actress and comedian
- Carl Steffeck (1818-1890), painter
- Hermann Struck (1876-1944), painter
- Katrin Lea Tag (born 1972), scenic designer and costume designer
- Katharina Thalbach (born 1954), actress
- Christian Thielemann (born 1959),conductor
- Sophia Thomalla (born 1989), actress
- Nora Tschirner (born 1981), actress
- Kurt Tucholsky, (1890–1935), writer
- Michael Verhoeven (born 1938), actor
- Otto Wallburg (1889-1944), actor
- Volker Wangenheim (1928–2014), conductor, composer and academic teacher
- Jonathan Elias Weiske (born 1996), film and television actor, and voice actor
- Dana Wynter (1931-2011), actress
- Jing Xiang (born 1993), actress
- Rolf Zacher (1941–2018), actor
- Claus Theo Gärtner (born 1943), actor
Sportspeople[edit]
- Rudi Ball (1911–1975), Olympic and Hall of Fame ice hockey player
- Muhamed Bešić (born 1992), footballer who plays for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team.
- Jérôme Boateng (born 1988), football player and 2014 FIFA World Cup winner
- Kevin-Prince Boateng (born 1987), footballer
- Guido Buchwald (born 1961), footballer
- Karim Darwiche (born 1998), Lebanese international footballer
- Sven Felski (born 1974), ice hockey coach
- Gottfried Fuchs (1889–1972), German-Canadian Olympic soccer player
- Niels Giffey (born 1991), basketball player, two-time NCAA champion and 2023 FIBA World Cup winner
- Thomas Häßler (born 1966), footballer and 1990 FIFA World Cup winner
- Robert Harting (born 1984), discus thrower
- Heinz Henschel (1920–2006), German Ice Hockey Hall of Fame, and IIHF Hall of Fame inductee
- Achim Hill (1935-2015), German rower
- Robert Huth (born 1984), footballer
- Gustav Jaenecke (1908–1985), Olympic ice hockey player
- Patrick Jahn (born 1983), German footballer
- Carsten Keller (born 1939), field hockey player and gold medalist at the 1972 Summer Olympics, father of Andreas Keller, Natascha Keller and Florian Keller
- Max Kepler (born 1993), baseball player for the Minnesota Twins of the MLB
- Henry Laskau (1916–2000), track and field athlete
- Pierre Littbarski (born 1960), footballer
- Laura Ludwig (born 1986), beach volleyballer
- Ingeborg Mello (1919–2009), track and field athlete
- Jonas Müller (born 1995), ice hockey player and silver medalist at the 2018 Winter Olympics
- Hassan Oumari (born 1986), footballer
- Joan Oumari (born 1988), footballer
- Claudia Pechstein (born 1972), speed skater
- Ellen Preis (Ellen Müller-Preis) (1912–2007), German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer
- Daniel Prenn (1904–1991), Russian-born German, Polish, and British world-top-ten tennis player
- Nyara Sabally, WNBA player
- Otto Scheff (1889–1956), Olympic swimmer
- Gustav Scholz (1930–2000), boxer
- Jochen Schümann (born 1959), sailor and Olympic champion
- Amar Sejdić (born 1996), American soccer player for Atlanta United FC of the MLS
- Hagen Stamm (born 1960), water polo player
- Ulf Timmermann (born 1962), shot putter
- Franziska van Almsick (born 1978), swimmer and sport journalist
- Franz Wagner (born 2001), basketball player for the Orlando Magic and 2023 FIBA World Cup winner
- Moritz Wagner (born 1997), basketball player for the Orlando Magic and 2023 FIBA World Cup winner
- Katarina Witt (born 1965), figure skater and two-time Olympic champion
- Christian Ziege (born 1972), footballer
Others[edit]
- Erna Barschak (1888-1958), teacher and psychologist
- Bärbel Bohley (1945-2010), opposition figure and artist
- Harald Braem (born 1944), writer, designer and professor
- Gabriele von Bülow (1802–1887), noblewoman
- Margot Dreschel (1908–1945), Nazi concentration camp guard executed for war crimes
- Käthe Niederkirchner (1909-1944), communist and resistance fighter
- Horst Fischer (1912–1966), SS concentration camp doctor executed for war crimes
- Heinz Kapelle (1913-1941), communist and resistance fighter
- Elisabeth Lupka (1902–1949), Nazi concentration camp guard executed for war crimes
- Lars Mittank (born 1986), man who went missing in Varna, Bulgaria in 2014
- Rosalie von Rauch (1829-1879), German noblewoman
- Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler (1918-2001), communist propagandist
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 962.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 922; see last ten lines.
In 1814 he married Rahel Antonie Friederike...She was born in 1771 at Berlin, where she died in 1833....
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 652.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 134–135.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 134–135.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 577.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 438.
- ^ "Asuman Krause Kimdir? - Asuman Krause Hayatı ve Biyografisi".
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 590.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 12.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 349–350.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 130.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 327.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 344.