List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

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  Parties
  Parties, dually represented by the European Union
  Non-parties that are signatories
  Non-parties that are not signatories

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. The Convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification.[1]

The Convention has been ratified by 169 parties, which includes 168 states (165 United Nations member states plus the UN Observer state Palestine and non-member states the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union.[2] An additional 14 UN member states have signed, but not ratified the Convention.

Subsequently, the "Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" was signed in 1994, effectively amending the original Convention. The Agreement has been ratified by 152 parties (all of which are parties to the Convention), which includes 151 states (148 United Nations member states plus the UN Observer state Palestine, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union.[3] An additional three UN member states (Egypt, Sudan, USA) have signed, but not ratified the Agreement.

As per Article 4 of the Agreement, following adoption of the Agreement any state which ratifies the Convention also becomes a party to the Agreement. Additionally, only states which have previously established or establishes at the same time its consent to be bound by the Convention can become parties to the Agreement.

List of parties[edit]

States with a dagger (†) are landlocked states.

State[2][3][4] Convention Agreement
Signed Deposited Method Signed Deposited Method
 Albania Jun 23, 2003 Accession Jun 23, 2003 Accession
 Algeria Dec 10, 1982 Jun 11, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 11, 1996 Ratification
 Angola Dec 10, 1982 Dec 5, 1990 Ratification Sep 7, 2010 Accession
 Antigua and Barbuda Feb 7, 1983 Feb 2, 1989 Ratification May 3, 2016 Accession
 Argentina Oct 5, 1984 Dec 1, 1995 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Dec 1, 1995 Ratification
 Armenia † Dec 9, 2002 Accession Dec 9, 2002 Accession
 Australia Dec 10, 1982 Oct 5, 1994 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Oct 5, 1994 Ratification
 Austria † Dec 10, 1982 Jul 14, 1995 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 14, 1995 Ratification
 Azerbaijan † Jun 16, 2016 Accession Jun 16, 2016 Accession
 Bahamas Dec 10, 1982 Jul 29, 1983 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Bahrain Dec 10, 1982 May 30, 1985 Ratification
 Bangladesh Dec 10, 1982 Jul 27, 2001 Ratification Jul 27, 2001 Accession
 Barbados Dec 10, 1982 Oct 12, 1993 Ratification Nov 15, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Belarus † Dec 10, 1982 Aug 30, 2006 Ratification Aug 30, 2006 Accession
 Belgium Dec 5, 1984 Nov 13, 1998 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Nov 13, 1998 Ratification
 Belize Dec 10, 1982 Aug 13, 1983 Ratification Oct 21, 1994 Accession
 Benin Aug 30, 1983 Oct 16, 1997 Ratification Oct 16, 1997 Accession
 Bolivia † Nov 27, 1984 Apr 28, 1995 Ratification Apr 28, 1995 Accession
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Jan 12, 1994 Succession from
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 		May 26, 2021 Accession
 Botswana † Dec 5, 1984 May 2, 1990 Ratification Jan 31, 2005 Accession
 Brazil Dec 10, 1982 Dec 22, 1988 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Oct 25, 2007 Ratification
 Brunei Dec 5, 1984 Nov 5, 1996 Ratification Nov 5, 1996 Accession
 Bulgaria Dec 10, 1982 May 15, 1996 Ratification May 15, 1996 Accession
 Burkina Faso Dec 10, 1982 Jan 25, 2005 Ratification Nov 30, 1994 Jan 25, 2005 Ratification
 Cabo Verde Dec 10, 1982 Aug 10, 1987 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Apr 23, 2008 Ratification
 Cameroon Dec 10, 1982 Nov 19, 1985 Ratification May 24, 1995 Aug 28, 2002 Ratification
 Canada Dec 10, 1982 Nov 7, 2003 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Nov 7, 2003 Ratification
 Chad † Dec 10, 1982 Aug 14, 2009 Ratification Aug 14, 2009 Accession
 Chile Dec 10, 1982 Aug 25, 1997 Ratification Aug 25, 1997 Accession
 China Dec 10, 1982 Jun 7, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 7, 1996 Ratification
 Comoros Dec 6, 1984 Jun 21, 1994 Ratification
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Aug 22, 1983 Feb 17, 1989 Ratification
 Republic of the Congo Dec 10, 1982 Jul 9, 2008 Ratification Jul 9, 2008 Accession
 Cook Islands Dec 10, 1982 Feb 15, 1995 Ratification Feb 15, 1995 Accession
 Costa Rica Dec 10, 1982 Sep 21, 1992 Ratification Sep 20, 2001 Accession
 Côte d'Ivoire Dec 10, 1982 Mar 26, 1984 Ratification Nov 25, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Croatia Apr 5, 1995 Succession from
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 		Apr 5, 1995 Accession
 Cuba Dec 10, 1982 Aug 15, 1984 Ratification Oct 17, 2002 Accession
 Cyprus Dec 10, 1982 Dec 12, 1988 Ratification Nov 1, 1994 Jul 27, 1995 Ratification
 Czech Republic † Feb 22, 1993 Jun 21, 1996 Ratification
Succession to the signature of  Czechoslovakia † 		Nov 16, 1994 Jun 21, 1996 Ratification
 Denmark Dec 10, 1982 Nov 16, 2004 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Nov 16, 2004 Ratification
 Djibouti Dec 10, 1982 Oct 8, 1991 Ratification
 Dominica Mar 28, 1983 Oct 24, 1991 Ratification
 Dominican Republic Dec 10, 1982 Jul 10, 2009 Ratification Jul 10, 2009 Accession
 Ecuador Sep 24, 2012 Accession Sep 24, 2012 Accession
 Egypt Dec 10, 1982 Aug 26, 1983 Ratification Mar 22, 1995
 Equatorial Guinea Jan 30, 1984 Jul 21, 1997 Ratification Jul 21, 1997 Accession
 Estonia Aug 26, 2005 Accession Aug 26, 2005 Accession
 Eswatini † Jan 18, 1984 Sep 24, 2012 Ratification Oct 12, 1994 Sep 24, 2012 Ratification
 European Union Dec 7, 1984 Apr 1, 1998 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Apr 1, 1998 Ratification
 Fiji Dec 10, 1982 Dec 10, 1982 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Finland Dec 10, 1982 Jun 21, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 21, 1996 Ratification
 France Dec 10, 1982 Apr 11, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Apr 11, 1996 Ratification
 Gabon Dec 10, 1982 Mar 11, 1998 Ratification Apr 4, 1995 Mar 11, 1998 Ratification
 Gambia Dec 10, 1982 May 22, 1984 Ratification
 Georgia Mar 21, 1996 Accession Mar 21, 1996 Accession
 Germany Oct 14, 1994 Accession Jul 29, 1994 Oct 14, 1994 Ratification
 Ghana Dec 10, 1982 Jun 7, 1983 Ratification Sep 23, 2016 Accession
 Greece Dec 10, 1982 Jul 21, 1995 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 21, 1995 Ratification
 Grenada Dec 10, 1982 Apr 25, 1991 Ratification Nov 14, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Guatemala Jul 8, 1983 Feb 11, 1997 Ratification Feb 11, 1997 Accession
 Guinea Oct 4, 1984 Sep 6, 1985 Ratification Aug 26, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Guinea-Bissau Dec 10, 1982 Aug 25, 1986 Ratification
 Guyana Dec 10, 1982 Nov 16, 1993 Ratification Sep 25, 2008 Accession
 Haiti Dec 10, 1982 Jul 31, 1996 Ratification Jul 31, 1996 Accession
 Honduras Dec 10, 1982 Oct 5, 1993 Ratification Jul 28, 2003 Accession
 Hungary † Dec 10, 1982 Feb 5, 2002 Ratification Feb 5, 2002 Accession
 Iceland Dec 10, 1982 Jun 21, 1985 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 India Dec 10, 1982 Jun 29, 1995 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 29, 1995 Ratification
 Indonesia Dec 10, 1982 Feb 3, 1986 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 2, 2000 Ratification
 Iraq Dec 10, 1982 Jul 30, 1985 Ratification
 Ireland Dec 10, 1982 Jun 21, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 21, 1996 Ratification
 Italy Dec 7, 1984 Jan 13, 1995 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jan 13, 1995 Ratification
 Jamaica Dec 10, 1982 Mar 21, 1983 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Japan Feb 7, 1983 Jun 20, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 20, 1996 Ratification
 Jordan Nov 27, 1995 Accession Nov 27, 1995 Accession
 Kenya Dec 10, 1982 Mar 2, 1989 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Accession
 Kiribati Feb 24, 2003 Accession Feb 24, 2003 Accession
 South Korea Mar 14, 1983 Jan 29, 1996 Ratification Nov 7, 1994 Jan 29, 1996 Ratification
 Kuwait Dec 10, 1982 May 2, 1986 Ratification Aug 2, 2002 Accession
 Laos † Dec 10, 1982 Jun 5, 1998 Ratification Oct 27, 1994 Jun 5, 1998 Ratification
 Latvia Dec 23, 2004 Accession Dec 23, 2004 Accession
 Lebanon Dec 7, 1984 Jan 5, 1995 Ratification Jan 5, 1995 Accession
 Lesotho † Dec 10, 1982 May 31, 2007 Ratification May 31, 2007 Accession
 Liberia Dec 10, 1982 Sep 25, 2008 Ratification Sep 25, 2008 Accession
 Lithuania Nov 12, 2003 Accession Nov 12, 2003 Accession
 Luxembourg † Dec 5, 1984 Oct 5, 2000 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Oct 5, 2000 Ratification
 Madagascar Feb 25, 1983 Aug 22, 2001 Ratification Aug 22, 2001 Accession
 Malawi † Dec 7, 1984 Sep 28, 2010 Ratification Sep 28, 2010 Accession
 Malaysia Dec 10, 1982 Oct 14, 1996 Ratification Aug 2, 1994 Oct 14, 1996 Ratification
 Maldives Dec 10, 1982 Sep 7, 2000 Ratification Oct 10, 1994 Sep 7, 2000 Ratification
 Mali † Oct 19, 1983 Jul 16, 1985 Ratification
 Malta Dec 10, 1982 May 20, 1993 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 26, 1996 Ratification
 Marshall Islands Aug 9, 1991 Accession
 Mauritania Dec 10, 1982 Jul 17, 1996 Ratification Aug 2, 1994 Jul 17, 1996 Ratification
 Mauritius Dec 10, 1982 Nov 4, 1994 Ratification Nov 4, 1994 Accession
 Mexico Dec 10, 1982 Mar 18, 1983 Ratification Apr 10, 2003 Accession
 Micronesia Apr 29, 1991 Accession Aug 10, 1994 Sep 6, 1995 Ratification
 Moldova † Feb 6, 2007 Accession Feb 6, 2007 Accession
 Monaco Dec 10, 1982 Mar 20, 1996 Ratification Nov 30, 1994 Mar 20, 1996 Ratification
 Mongolia † Dec 10, 1982 Aug 13, 1996 Ratification Aug 17, 1994 Aug 13, 1996 Ratification
 Montenegro Oct 23, 2006 Succession from  Serbia and Montenegro Oct 23, 2006 Succession from  Serbia and Montenegro
 Morocco Dec 10, 1982 May 31, 2007 Ratification Oct 19, 1994 May 31, 2007 Ratification
 Mozambique Dec 10, 1982 Mar 13, 1997 Ratification Mar 13, 1997 Accession
 Myanmar Dec 10, 1982 May 21, 1996 Ratification May 21, 1996 Accession
 Namibia Dec 10, 1982 Apr 18, 1983 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Nauru Dec 10, 1982 Jan 23, 1996 Ratification Jan 23, 1996 Accession
   Nepal † Dec 10, 1982 Nov 2, 1998 Ratification Nov 2, 1998 Accession
 Netherlands Dec 10, 1982 Jun 28, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 28, 1996 Ratification
 New Zealand Dec 10, 1982 Jul 19, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 19, 1996 Ratification
 Nicaragua Dec 9, 1984 May 3, 2000 Ratification May 3, 2000 Accession
 Niger † Dec 10, 1982 Aug 7, 2013 Ratification Aug 7, 2013 Accession
 Nigeria Dec 10, 1982 Aug 14, 1986 Ratification Oct 25, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Niue Dec 5, 1984 Oct 11, 2006 Ratification Oct 11, 2006 Accession
 North Macedonia † Aug 19, 1994 Succession from
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 		Aug 19, 1994 Accession
 Norway Dec 10, 1982 Jun 24, 1996 Ratification Jun 24, 1996 Accession
 Oman Jul 1, 1983 Aug 17, 1989 Ratification Feb 26, 1997 Accession
 Pakistan Dec 10, 1982 Feb 26, 1997 Ratification Aug 10, 1994 Feb 26, 1997 Ratification
 Palau Sep 30, 1996 Accession Sep 30, 1996 Accession
 Palestine Jan 2, 2015 Accession Jan 2, 2015 Accession
 Panama Dec 10, 1982 Jul 1, 1996 Ratification Jul 1, 1996 Accession
 Papua New Guinea Dec 10, 1982 Jan 14, 1997 Ratification Jan 14, 1997 Accession
 Paraguay † Dec 10, 1982 Sep 26, 1986 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 10, 1995 Ratification
 Philippines Dec 10, 1982 May 8, 1984 Ratification Nov 15, 1994 Jul 23, 1997 Ratification
 Poland Dec 10, 1982 Nov 13, 1998 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Nov 13, 1998 Ratification
 Portugal Dec 10, 1982 Nov 3, 1997 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Nov 3, 1997 Ratification
 Qatar Nov 27, 1984 Dec 9, 2002 Ratification Dec 9, 2002 Accession
 Romania Dec 10, 1982 Dec 17, 1996 Ratification Dec 17, 1996 Accession
 Russia Dec 10, 1982 Mar 12, 1997 Ratification Mar 12, 1997 Accession
 Rwanda † Dec 10, 1982 May 18, 2023 Ratification May 18, 2023 Accession
 Samoa Sep 28, 1984 Aug 14, 1995 Ratification Jul 7, 1995 Aug 14, 1995 Ratification
 Sao Tome and Principe Jul 13, 1983 Nov 3, 1987 Ratification
 Saudi Arabia Dec 7, 1984 Apr 24, 1996 Ratification Apr 24, 1996 Accession
 Senegal Dec 10, 1982 Oct 25, 1984 Ratification Aug 9, 1994 Jul 25, 1995 Ratification
 Serbia † Mar 12, 2001 Succession as
 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
from  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 		May 12, 1995 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Seychelles Dec 10, 1982 Sep 16, 1991 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Dec 15, 1994 Ratification
 Sierra Leone Dec 10, 1982 Dec 12, 1994 Ratification Dec 12, 1994 Accession
 Singapore Dec 10, 1982 Nov 17, 1994 Ratification Nov 17, 1994 Accession
 Slovakia † May 28, 1993 May 8, 1996 Ratification
Succession to the signature of  Czechoslovakia † 		Nov 14, 1994 May 8, 1996 Ratification
 Slovenia Jun 16, 1995 Succession from
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 		Jan 19, 1995 Jun 16, 1995 Ratification
 Solomon Islands Dec 10, 1982 Jun 23, 1997 Ratification Jun 23, 1997 Accession
 Somalia Dec 10, 1982 Jul 24, 1989 Ratification
 South Africa Dec 5, 1984 Dec 23, 1997 Ratification Oct 3, 1994 Dec 23, 1997 Ratification
 Spain Dec 4, 1984 Jan 15, 1997 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jan 15, 1997 Ratification
 Sri Lanka Dec 10, 1982 Jul 19, 1994 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 St. Kitts and Nevis Dec 7, 1984 Jan 7, 1993 Ratification
 St. Lucia Dec 10, 1982 Mar 27, 1985 Ratification
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Dec 10, 1982 Oct 1, 1993 Ratification
 Sudan Dec 10, 1982 Jan 23, 1985 Ratification Jul 29, 1994
 Suriname Dec 10, 1982 Jul 9, 1998 Ratification Jul 9, 1998 Accession
 Sweden Dec 10, 1982 Jun 25, 1996 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Jun 25, 1996 Ratification
  Switzerland † Oct 17, 1984 May 1, 2009 Ratification Oct 26, 1994 May 1, 2009 Ratification
 Tanzania Dec 10, 1982 Sep 30, 1985 Ratification Oct 7, 1994 Jun 25, 1998 Ratification
 Thailand Dec 10, 1982 May 15, 2011 Ratification May 15, 2011 Accession
 Timor-Leste Jan 8, 2013 Accession Jan 8, 2013 Accession
 Togo Dec 10, 1982 Apr 16, 1985 Ratification Aug 3, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Tonga Aug 2, 1995 Accession Aug 2, 1995 Accession
 Trinidad and Tobago Dec 10, 1982 Apr 25, 1986 Ratification Oct 10, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Tunisia Dec 10, 1982 Apr 24, 1985 Ratification May 15, 1995 May 24, 2002 Ratification
 Tuvalu Dec 10, 1982 Dec 9, 2002 Ratification Dec 9, 2002 Accession
 Uganda † Dec 10, 1982 Nov 9, 1990 Ratification Aug 9, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Ukraine Dec 10, 1982 Jul 26, 1999 Ratification Feb 28, 1995 Jul 26, 1999 Ratification
 United Kingdom Jul 25, 1997 Accession Jul 29, 1994 Jul 25, 1997 Ratification
 Uruguay Dec 10, 1982 Dec 10, 1992 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Aug 7, 2007 Ratification
 Vanuatu Dec 10, 1982 Aug 10, 1999 Ratification Jul 29, 1994 Aug 10, 1999 Ratification
 Vietnam Dec 10, 1982 Jul 25, 1994 Ratification Apr 27, 2006 Accession
 Yemen Dec 10, 1982 Jul 21, 1987 Ratification as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
Also signed by the Yemen Arab Republic on Dec. 10 1982
prior to Yemeni unification.[2] 		Oct 13, 2014 Accession
 Zambia † Dec 10, 1982 Mar 7, 1983 Ratification Oct 13, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification
 Zimbabwe † Dec 10, 1982 Feb 24, 1993 Ratification Oct 28, 1994 Jul 28, 1995 Ratification

Signatories[edit]

An additional 13 UN member states have signed the Convention but have not ratified it. One UN member state has signed the Agreement but has not ratified it. Therefore, none of these States are currently parties to either the Convention or the Agreement.

State[2][3][4] Signed
Convention 		Signed
Agreement
 Afghanistan † Mar 18, 1983
 Bhutan † Dec 10, 1982
 Burundi † Dec 10, 1982
 Cambodia Jul 1, 1983
 Central African Republic † Dec 4, 1984
 Colombia Dec 10, 1982
 El Salvador Dec 5, 1984
 Ethiopia † Dec 10, 1982
 Iran Dec 10, 1982
 North Korea Dec 10, 1982
 Libya Dec 3, 1984
 Liechtenstein † Nov 30, 1984
 United Arab Emirates Dec 10, 1982
 United States Jul 29, 1994

Other states[edit]

There are 15 United Nations member and observer states which have neither signed nor acceded either the Convention or the Agreement:

United States position[edit]

Main article: United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Although the United States helped shape the Convention and its subsequent revisions,[5] and though it signed the 1994 Agreement, it has not signed the Convention as it objected - among other things - to Part XI of the Convention.[6][7]

In 1983 President Ronald Reagan, through Proclamation No. 5030, claimed a 200-mile exclusive economic zone. In December 1988 President Reagan, through Proclamation No. 5928, extended U.S. territorial waters from three nautical miles to twelve nautical miles for national security purposes. However a legal opinion from the Justice Department questioned the President's constitutional authority to extend sovereignty as Congress has the power to make laws concerning the territory belonging to the United States under the U.S. Constitution. In any event, Congress needs to make laws defining if the extended waters, including oil and mineral rights, are under state or federal control.[8][9]

On 16 July 2012, the U.S. Senate had 34 Republican Senators who indicated their intention to vote against ratification of the Convention if it came to a vote. Since at least two-thirds of the 100 member Senate (at least 67 Senators) are required to ratify a treaty, consideration of the Convention was deferred again.[10]

Some American commentators, including former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, have warned that ratification of the Convention might create a precedent with regard to resources of outer space.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
  3. ^ a b c "Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  4. ^ a b "Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  5. ^ Documents on Global Issues, 1973-1976 Foreign Relations Series
  6. ^ Roger Rufe, President of the Ocean Conservancy. Statement before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, October 21, 2003
  7. ^ V Bantz, 'La Question De I'Adhesion Par Les Etats-Unis a La Convention Des Nations Unies Sur Le Droit De La Mer' (2003) 8 Annuaire Du Droit De La Mer 9–54
  8. ^ Andrew Rosenthal (29 December 1988). "Reagan Extends Territorial Waters to 12 Miles". New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  9. ^ Carol Elizabeth Remy (1992). "U.S. Territorial Sea Extension: Jurisdiction and International Environmental Protection". Fordham International Law Journal. 16 (4): 1208–1252. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  10. ^ Johnson, Keith. "GOP Scuttles Law-of-Sea Treaty". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  11. ^ Wong, Kristina. "Rumsfeld still opposes Law of Sea Treaty." The Washington Times, 14 June 2012.
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