List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands

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The Spratly Islands
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This page features a series of lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands.

Features by area[edit]

Of the hundreds of maritime features in the Spratly Islands, relatively few have land permanently above sea-level that is larger than protruding rocks. There are only 13 islands and cays with a natural area above sea-level larger than one hectare.[note 1] With the exception of Swallow Reef, prior to 2014 there had been no large-scale land reclamation beyond building breakwaters and piers, and extending runways.

This changed dramatically in 2014 with the PRC embarking on large-scale reclamations of the lagoons of Johnson South Reef (~10ha) and Fiery Cross Reef (~230ha), and other reclamations of then unknown extent at the Gaven Reefs and Cuarteron Reef.[1] Reports of the extent of land reclaimed on Swallow Reef vary. The PRC land reclamations have continued on a total of seven sites. In 2015, Subi Reef, Hughes Reef and Mischief Reef were added.[2] Refer to the table below for the most recently available data. In summary, there have been reclamations of very large areas (>640 acres = 1 sq mile) at three sites by the PRC, reclamations of large areas (10-100 acres) at eight sites (four by PRC, three by Vietnam, and one by Malaysia) and reclamations of lesser areas at a number of sites. There does not appear to have been any reclamation of Philippine occupied areas. There have been small Taiwanese reclamations at Itu Aba, very small but functionally significant reclamations at six Malaysian sites, and a number small but significant reclamations at Vietnamese sites in 2016, most particularly at Spratly Island where the runway has been extended and a sheltered harbour added.

The following table contains the 16 largest "natural" features, (i.e. not including reclaimed land),[3] plus the features with significant amounts of reclaimed land:

# Feature in Atoll "Natural" Area Location Currently occupied by Reclaimed Area[1]
1 Itu Aba Island Tizard Bank 46.00 hectares (113.7 acres) 10°22.5′N 114°22′E / 10.3750°N 114.367°E / 10.3750; 114.367  ROC (Taiping Island) ~8 acres (3.2 ha)[4]
2 Thitu Island Thitu Reefs 37.20 hectares (91.9 acres) 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E / 11.050; 114.283  PHI (Pagasa Island)
3 West York Island West York Island 18.60 hectares (46.0 acres) 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E / 11.083; 115.017  PHI (Likas Island)
4 Spratly Island Spratly Island 13.00 hectares (32.1 acres) 08°38′N 111°55′E / 8.633°N 111.917°E / 8.633; 111.917  VNM (Trường Sa Island) ~37 acres (15 ha)[5]
5 Northeast Cay North Danger Reef 12.70 hectares (31.4 acres) 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E / 11.467; 114.350  PHI (Parola Island)
6 Southwest Cay North Danger Reef 12.00 hectares (29.7 acres) 11°26′N 114°20′E / 11.433°N 114.333°E / 11.433; 114.333  VNM (Song Tử Tây Island) ~7 acres (2.8 ha)[6]
7 Sin Cowe Island Union Banks 08.00 hectares (19.8 acres) 09°52′N 114°19′E / 9.867°N 114.317°E / 9.867; 114.317  VNM (Sinh Tồn Island) ~26 acres (11 ha)[7]
8 Nanshan Island Loaita Bank 07.93 hectares (19.6 acres) 10°45′N 115°49′E / 10.750°N 115.817°E / 10.750; 115.817  PHI (Lawak Island)
9 Sand Cay Tizard Bank 07.00 hectares (17.3 acres) 10°23′N 114°28′E / 10.383°N 114.467°E / 10.383; 114.467  VNM (Sơn Ca Island) ~9 acres (3.6 ha)[8][9]
10 Loaita Island Loaita Bank 06.45 hectares (15.9 acres) 10°40′N 114°25′E / 10.667°N 114.417°E / 10.667; 114.417  PHI (Kota Island)
11 Swallow Reef Swallow Reef 06.20 hectares (15.3 acres) 07°22′N 113°50′E / 7.367°N 113.833°E / 7.367; 113.833  MYS (Layang-Layang Reef) ~95 acres (38 ha)
12 Namyit Island Tizard Bank 05.30 hectares (13.1 acres) 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E / 10.183; 114.367  VNM (Nam Yết Island)
13 Amboyna Cay Amboyna Cay 01.60 hectares (4.0 acres) 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E / 7.900; 112.917  VNM (An Bang Island)
Grierson Reef Union Banks 01.60 hectares (4.0 acres) 09°54′N 114°34′E / 9.900°N 114.567°E / 9.900; 114.567  VNM (Sinh Tồn Đông Island) ~3 acres (1.2 ha)[10][11]
West London Reef London Reefs 01.10 hectares (2.7 acres) 08°52′N 112°15′E / 8.867°N 112.250°E / 8.867; 112.250  VNM (Đá Tây A Island) ~70 acres (28 ha)[8][10][11][12]
Central London Reef London Reefs 00.88 hectares (2.2 acres) 08°56′N 112°21′E / 8.933°N 112.350°E / 8.933; 112.350  VNM (Trường Sa Đông Island) ~4 acres (1.6 ha)[10][11]
14 Flat Island Loaita Bank 00.57 hectares (1.4 acres) 10°49′N 115°49′E / 10.817°N 115.817°E / 10.817; 115.817  PHI (Patag Island)
15 Loaita Cay Loaita Bank 00.53 hectares (1.3 acres) 10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E / 10.72861°N 114.35250°E / 10.72861; 114.35250  PHI (Melchora Aquino Island)
16 Lankiam Cay Loaita Bank 00.44 hectares (1.1 acres) 10°43′N 114°32′E / 10.717°N 114.533°E / 10.717; 114.533  PHI (Panata Island)
Mischief Reef Mischief Reef 00.00 09°56′N 115°32′E / 9.933°N 115.533°E / 9.933; 115.533  PRC ~1,379 acres (558 ha)[13][14]
Subi Reef Thitu Reefs 00.00 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E / 10.917; 114.067  PRC ~976 acres (395 ha)[13][15]
Fiery Cross Reef Fiery Cross Reef 00.00 09°36′N 111°57′E / 9.600°N 111.950°E / 9.600; 111.950  PRC ~677 acres (274 ha)[13][16]
Cuarteron Reef London Reefs 00.00 08°52′N 112°50′E / 8.867°N 112.833°E / 8.867; 112.833  PRC ~56 acres (23 ha)[17]
Gaven Reefs Tizard Bank 00.00 10°13′N 114°13′E / 10.217°N 114.217°E / 10.217; 114.217  PRC ~34 acres (14 ha)[18]
Johnson South Reef Union Banks 00.00 09°43′N 114°17′E / 9.717°N 114.283°E / 9.717; 114.283  PRC ~27 acres (11 ha)[19]
Hughes Reef Union Banks 00.00 09°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E / 9.917; 114.500  PRC ~19 acres (7.7 ha)[20][21]
Pearson Reef SW Dangerous Ground 00.00 08°58′N 113°42′E / 8.967°N 113.700°E / 8.967; 113.700  VNM (Phan Vinh Island) ~6 acres (2.4 ha)[22]
Cornwallis South Reef SW Dangerous Ground 00.00 08°43′N 114°11′E / 8.717°N 114.183°E / 8.717; 114.183  VNM (Núi Le Reef) ~2 acres (0.81 ha)[10][11]

Features by major reef/bank, etc.[edit]

Map of the South China Sea area showing the location of Dangerous Ground

The boundaries of the Spratly Islands are not firmly defined. West-to-east, the islands range from the coastal waters of Vietnam to the east of Dangerous Ground and the Palawan Passage (approx. 106-117°E), and south-to-north from the coastal waters of Borneo and the southern South China Sea to the north of Dangerous Ground and the Reed Bank (approx. 3-12°N).

The major feature of the area is Dangerous Ground, an oblong area approximately 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi) SW-NE, 175 nautical miles (324 km; 201 mi) at its widest, with an area of about 52,000 nm² (178,000 km²).[23] It lies approximately between 7.5–12°N, 113–117°E, and US NGA literature[23][24][25]etc. seems to consider its centre as 10°N 115°E / 10°N 115°E / 10; 115. The remainder of the Spratly Islands are mainly to the west and south of Dangerous Ground, with some features to the east.

The Spratly Islands can be roughly divided into seven sub-areas relative to Dangerous Ground:[23]

  • NW of Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 113-115°E)[24]
  • NE Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 115-117°E)[25]
  • SE Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 115-117°E)[26][27][28]
  • SW Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 113-115°E)[29]
  • E of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, east of 117°E)[25][26][28]
  • S of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3- 7°N, 113-117°E)[28][30] and
  • W of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, west of 113°E)[note 2]

Within these sub-areas there are a number of major reefs and banks, as well as ungrouped maritime features.[3]

Starting in the NW, and progressing in a generally SW direction, the features include:

Sub-area Group Vicinity Contains:
NW North Danger Reef 11°25′N 114°21′E / 11.417°N 114.350°E / 11.417; 114.350 North Reef (Spratly Islands) [zh]; Northeast Cay; Shira Islet; Southwest Cay; Jenkins Patches; South Reef; Sabine Patches; Farquharson Patches; Day Shoal; Iroquois Ridge
NW Trident & Lys Trident Shoal [zh], Lys Shoal [zh]
NW Thitu Reefs [zh] 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E / 11.050; 114.283 Thitu Island; Thitu Reef [zh]; Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands) [zh]
NW (Near Thitu Reefs [zh]) 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E / 10.917; 114.067 Subi Reef
NW Loaita Banks 10°45′N 114°30′E / 10.750°N 114.500°E / 10.750; 114.500 Lankiam Cay; Loaita Cay; Loaita Nan; Loaita Island
NW (East of Loaita Banks) 10°55′N 114°45′E / 10.917°N 114.750°E / 10.917; 114.750 Menzies Reef [zh] , Irving Reef, West York Island
NW Tizard Banks 10°15′N 114°30′E / 10.250°N 114.500°E / 10.250; 114.500 Ban Than Reef/Zhongzhou Reef; Eldad Reef]; Gaven Reefs; Namyit Island; Petley Reef; Sand Cay; Taiping Island/Itu Aba
NW (West of Tizard Banks) Western Reef, Discovery Great Reef, Discovery Small Reef [zh]
W (West of Union Banks) 9°30′N 112°30′E / 9.500°N 112.500°E / 9.500; 112.500 Fiery Cross Reef, Dhaulle Shoal [zh], Coronation Bank [zh]
SW Union Banks 09°50′N 114°30′E / 9.833°N 114.500°E / 9.833; 114.500 Collins Reef/Johnson North Reef, Edmund Reef [zh], Grierson Reef/Sin Cowe East Island, Hallet Reef [zh], Higgens Reef [zh], Holiday Reef [zh], Hughes Reef, Johnson South Reef, Jones Reef [zh]/Zhangxi Jiao, Lansdowne Reef, McKennan Reef [zh]/Kennan Reef, Sin Cowe Island, Whitson Reef, Empire Reef [zh], Loveless Reef [zh]
NE Reed Tablemount 11°20′N 116°50′E / 11.333°N 116.833°E / 11.333; 116.833 Reed Bank, Nares Bank [vi; zh],[31] Marie Louise Bank [vi; zh],[32] Pennsylvania North Reef [vi; zh],[33] Iroquois Reef [vi; zh][34]
NE NE Dangerous Ground 11°N 116°E / 11°N 116°E / 11; 116 Jackson Atoll [zh], Nanshan Island, Flat Island, Third Thomas Shoal, Hopkins Reef [zh], Amy Douglas Bank [zh]/Hirane Shoal, Hardy Reef [zh]/Hubo Reef, Sandy Shoal [zh], Lord Auckland Shoal [zh], Carnatic Shoal [zh], Seahorse Shoal [zh]/Seashore Shoal/Routh Shoal, Iroquois Reef [zh], Leslie Bank [zh], Templar Bank [zh], Southern Bank (Spratly Islands) [zh], Katimugan Banks [zh] [dubious – discuss], Tagpi [zh] [dubious – discuss], Pennsylvania South Reef [zh]/Magat Salamat Reef,
NE Southampton Reefs Hopps Reef [zh] ; Livock Reef [zh]
E (East & SE Dangerous Ground) Bombay Shoal [zh], Royal Captain Shoal, Half Moon Shoal, South Viper Shoal [zh]
SE SE Dangerous Ground 9°N 116°E / 9°N 116°E / 9; 116 Sabina Shoal, Boxall Reef [zh], Second Thomas Shoal, Mischief Reef, First Thomas Shoal, Alicia Annie Reef [zh], Commodore Reef, North Viper Shoal [zh], North East Shoal [zh], Director Reef [zh], Glasgow Bank [zh], Investigator Northeast Shoal
SW SW Dangerous Ground 9°N 114°E / 9°N 114°E / 9; 114 Maralie Reef [zh]/Bittern Reef, Alison Reef, Cornwallis South Reef, Pearson Reef, Pigeon Reef [zh], Investigator Shoal, Ardasier Reef, Ardasier Bank [zh], Erica Reef, Mariveles Reef, Dallas Reef, Barque Canada Reef, Royal Charlotte Reef [zh]
W London Reefs 08°50′N 112°30′E / 8.833°N 112.500°E / 8.833; 112.500 Central London Reef; Cuarteron Reef; East London Reef; West London Reef
W (Spratly Island vicinity) 08°40′N 111°45′E / 8.667°N 111.750°E / 8.667; 111.750 Spratly Island, Ladd Reef, Jubilee Bank (Spratly Islands) [zh]
W (West of Spratly Island) Scawfell Shoal, Charlotte Bank, Vanguard Bank [zh], Julia Shoal, Royal Bishop Shoal
W (Southwest of Spratly Island) Alexandra Bank [zh]; Grainger Bank [zh]; Prince of Wales Bank [zh]; Prince Consort Bank [zh]
W Rifleman Bank [zh] 07°50′N 111°40′E / 7.833°N 111.667°E / 7.833; 111.667 Bombay Castle (bãi Ba Kè); Johnson Patch  [zh] (tức là Bãi Vũng Mây); Kingston Shoal  [zh] (Bãi Đinh); Orleana Shoal  [zh] (Bãi Đất), Bãi Ráng Chiều, bãi Ngũ Sắc, bãi Xà Cừ, bãi Vũ Tích
S Amboyna Cay; Swallow Reef; Louisa Reef
S Luconia Shoals 05°30′N 112°30′E / 5.500°N 112.500°E / 5.500; 112.500 North Luconia Shoals [zh]: Friendship Shoal [zh], Hardie Reef  [zh], Aitken Reef  [zh], Buck Reef  [zh], Moody Reef  [zh], Seahorse Breakers  [zh], Tripp Reef  [zh], Hayes Reef  [zh]

South Luconia Shoals [zh]: Stigant Reef  [zh], Connell Reef  [zh], Herald Reef (Spratly Islands)  [zh], Comus Shoal  [zh], Richmond Reef  [zh], Luconia Breakers  [zh]

Features by name[edit]

Main page: Category:Spratly Islands
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
P
R
S
T
U
W
Z

Features by occupier and/or claimant[edit]

The Spratly Islands, showing occupancy.

A feature is occupied by a country if one of the following is true:

  • Soldiers and/or civilian citizens of a country are present in the feature, either by building structures over the feature to house the citizens (most features are of this type) or by manning a ship anchored over the feature (Philippine-occupied Irving Reef is of this type).
  • Regularly visited by soldiers of a country, not necessarily having soldiers present in it 24 hours. These features must lie near (within 9 miles (14 km)) a feature occupied by the country in the way of the first condition. Presence of structures is not necessary. This is the case of Philippine-occupied Flat Island and Lankiam Cay where soldiers stationed at Nanshan Island and Loaita Island respectively, regularly visit on a daily basis.[citation needed]

The effective visible distance of horizon from a 15-meter (typical large structure) height above sea-level is 9 miles (14 km). This makes features occupied by the second condition to be also labeled as "occupied" since they can be guarded far away. However, not all features within the 9-mile (14 km) radius can be considered as absolutely occupied. This is especially true for features that lie between and within 9 miles (14 km) of two or more features occupied by different countries.[citation needed] (See Virtually Occupied or Controlled table)

Summary[edit]

Int'l Name Co-ords Sub-group Occupant/s Since Notes
Itu Aba 10°22.5′N 114°22′E / 10.3750°N 114.367°E / 10.3750; 114.367 Tizard Bank  ROC (Taiwan) 1946
Ban Than Reef 10°23′N 114°24′E / 10.383°N 114.400°E / 10.383; 114.400 Tizard Bank  ROC (Taiwan) 1946
Cuarteron Reef 08°53′N 112°51′E / 8.883°N 112.850°E / 8.883; 112.850 London Reefs  PRC (China) 1988
Fiery Cross Reef 09°37′N 112°58′E / 9.617°N 112.967°E / 9.617; 112.967 W of Union Banks  PRC (China) 1988 Military Garrison
Gaven Reefs 10°13′N 114°13′E / 10.217°N 114.217°E / 10.217; 114.217 Tizard Bank  PRC (China) 1988
Hughes Reef 09°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E / 9.917; 114.500 Union Banks  PRC (China) 1988 Lighthouse
Johnson South Reef 09°43′N 114°17′E / 9.717°N 114.283°E / 9.717; 114.283 Union Banks  PRC (China) 1988
Mischief Reef 09°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533 SE Dangerous Ground  PRC (China) 1995 Airfield
Subi Reef 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E / 10.917; 114.067 W of Thitu Reefs [zh]  PRC (China) 2013 Military Garrison
Flat Island 10°49′N 115°49′E / 10.817°N 115.817°E / 10.817; 115.817 SE Dangerous Ground  PHI 1974
Lankiam Cay 10°43′N 114°32′E / 10.717°N 114.533°E / 10.717; 114.533 Loaita Banks  PHI -
Loaita Cay 10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E / 10.72861°N 114.35250°E / 10.72861; 114.35250 Loaita Banks  PHI -
Loaita Island 10°40′N 114°25′E / 10.667°N 114.417°E / 10.667; 114.417 Loaita Banks  PHI -
Nanshan Island 10°44′N 115°48′E / 10.733°N 115.800°E / 10.733; 115.800 NE Dangerous Ground  PHI -
Northeast Cay 11°27′N 114°21′E / 11.450°N 114.350°E / 11.450; 114.350 North Danger Reef  PHI -
Thitu Island 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E / 11.050; 114.283 Thitu Reefs [zh]  PHI -
West York Island 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E / 11.083; 115.017 NW Dangerous Ground  PHI -
Commodore Reef 08°22′N 115°12′E / 8.367°N 115.200°E / 8.367; 115.200 SE Dangerous Ground  PHI -
Irving Reef 10°52′N 114°55′E / 10.867°N 114.917°E / 10.867; 114.917 NNW Dangerous Ground  PHI -
Second Thomas Shoal 09°44′N 115°52′E / 9.733°N 115.867°E / 9.733; 115.867 NE Dangerous Ground  PHI 1999 Navy Outpost
Southwest Cay 11°26′N 114°20′E / 11.433°N 114.333°E / 11.433; 114.333 North Danger Reef  VNM 1975/04/14 Lighthouse
Sand Cay 10°23′N 114°29′E / 10.383°N 114.483°E / 10.383; 114.483 Tizard Bank  VNM 1975/04/25 Lighthouse
Namyit Island 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E / 10.183; 114.367 Tizard Bank  VNM 1975/04/27 Lighthouse
Sin Cowe Island 09°53′N 114°20′E / 9.883°N 114.333°E / 9.883; 114.333 Union Banks  VNM 1975/04/27 Lighthouse
Spratly Island 08°38′N 114°25′E / 8.633°N 114.417°E / 8.633; 114.417 Spratly Island vicinity  VNM 1975/04/29 Lighthouse
Amboyna Cay 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E / 7.900; 112.917  VNM 1975/04/29 Lighthouse
Grierson Reef
/Sin Cowe East Island		 09°54′N 114°34′E / 9.900°N 114.567°E / 9.900; 114.567 Union Banks  VNM 1978/03/23
Central London Reef 08°56′N 112°21′E / 8.933°N 112.350°E / 8.933; 112.350 London Reefs  VNM 1978/04/02
Pearson Reef 08°57′N 113°40′E / 8.950°N 113.667°E / 8.950; 113.667 SW Dangerous Ground  VNM 1978/04/10
Barque Canada Reef 08°10′N 113°18′E / 8.167°N 113.300°E / 8.167; 113.300 NE Dangerous Ground  VNM 1987/02
West London Reef 08°52′N 112°14′E / 8.867°N 112.233°E / 8.867; 112.233 London Reefs  VNM 1988/01/15 Lighthouse
Ladd Reef 08°41′N 111°40′E / 8.683°N 111.667°E / 8.683; 111.667 Spratly Island vicinity  VNM 1988/02/05 Lighthouse
Discovery Great Reef 10°04′N 113°51′E / 10.067°N 113.850°E / 10.067; 113.850 W of Tizard Banks  VNM 1988/02/06
Pigeon Reef [zh] 08°51′N 114°39′E / 8.850°N 114.650°E / 8.850; 114.650 SW Dangerous Ground  VNM 1988/02/07 Lighthouse
East London Reef 08°50′N 112°36′E / 8.833°N 112.600°E / 8.833; 112.600 London Reefs  VNM 1988/02/19
Alison Reef 08°51′N 114°00′E / 8.850°N 114.000°E / 8.850; 114.000 SW Dangerous Ground  VNM 1988/03/20
Cornwallis South Reef 08°43′N 114°11′E / 8.717°N 114.183°E / 8.717; 114.183 SW Dangerous Ground  VNM 1988/03/20
South Reef 11°23′N 114°18′E / 11.383°N 114.300°E / 11.383; 114.300 North Danger Reef  VNM 1988/04/02
Petley Reef 10°24′N 114°35′E / 10.400°N 114.583°E / 10.400; 114.583 Tizard Bank  VNM 1988/04/13
Collins Reef 09°46′N 114°15′E / 9.767°N 114.250°E / 9.767; 114.250 Union Banks  VNM 1988/06/28
Lansdowne Reef 09°47′N 114°22′E / 9.783°N 114.367°E / 9.783; 114.367 Union Banks  VNM 1988/06/28
Bombay Castle 07°56′N 111°43′E / 7.933°N 111.717°E / 7.933; 111.717 Riflemen Bank [zh]  VNM 1989/06/30 Lighthouse
Prince of Wales Bank [zh] 08°09′N 110°36′E / 8.150°N 110.600°E / 8.150; 110.600 Southwest Bank  VNM 1989/06/30 Lighthouse
Vanguard Bank [zh] 07°32′N 109°45′E / 7.533°N 109.750°E / 7.533; 109.750 West Spratlys  VNM 1989/07/05 Lighthouse,
China China Coast Guard regular patrol
Prince Consort Bank [zh] 07°55′N 109°58′E / 7.917°N 109.967°E / 7.917; 109.967 Southwest Bank  VNM 1990/11/04 Lighthouse
Grainger Bank [zh] 07°49′N 110°30′E / 7.817°N 110.500°E / 7.817; 110.500 Southwest Bank  VNM 1991/11/03 Lighthouse
Alexandra Bank [zh] 08°01′N 110°38′E / 8.017°N 110.633°E / 8.017; 110.633 Southwest Bank  VNM 1991/11/30 Lighthouse
Orleana Shoal  [zh] 07°41′N 111°43′E / 7.683°N 111.717°E / 7.683; 111.717 Riflemen Bank [zh]  VNM 1998/07/03 Lighthouse
Kingston Shoal  [zh] 07°34′6″N 111°33′13″E / 7.56833°N 111.55361°E / 7.56833; 111.55361 Riflemen Bank [zh]  VNM 1998/07/07 Lighthouse
Swallow Reef 07°22′N 113°50′E / 7.367°N 113.833°E / 7.367; 113.833  MYS 1983 RMN offshore EEZ station "Lima"
Ardasier Reef 07°38′N 113°56′E / 7.633°N 113.933°E / 7.633; 113.933 SW Dangerous Ground  MYS 1986 RMN offshore EEZ station "Uniform"
Mariveles Reef 08°00′N 113°54′E / 8.000°N 113.900°E / 8.000; 113.900 SW Dangerous Ground  MYS 1986 RMN offshore EEZ station "Mike"
Dallas Reef 07°37′N 113°48′E / 7.617°N 113.800°E / 7.617; 113.800 SW Dangerous Ground  MYS 1987 (or 1986)
Erica Reef 08°06′N 114°08′E / 8.100°N 114.133°E / 8.100; 114.133 SW Dangerous Ground  MYS 1999 RMN offshore EEZ station "Sierra"
Investigator Shoal 08°07′N 114°42′E / 8.117°N 114.700°E / 8.117; 114.700 SW Dangerous Ground  MYS 1999 RMN offshore EEZ station "Papa"
James Shoal 03°58.5′N 112°21′E / 3.9750°N 112.350°E / 3.9750; 112.350 -  MYS[35] China China Coast Guard regular patrol
Louisa Reef 06°20′N 113°14′E / 6.333°N 113.233°E / 6.333; 113.233  BRU -
Aitken Reef  [zh] 5°54′0″N 112°31′30″E / 5.90000°N 112.52500°E / 5.90000; 112.52500 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Alicia Annie Reef [zh] 9°21′N 115°26′E / 9.350°N 115.433°E / 9.350; 115.433 SW Dangerous Ground
Amy Douglas Bank [zh]
/Hirane Shoal		 10°50′N 116°15′E / 10.833°N 116.250°E / 10.833; 116.250 NE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Ardasier Bank [zh] 7°36′N 114°17′E / 7.600°N 114.283°E / 7.600; 114.283 SW Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Bombay Shoal [zh] 9°26′N 116°55′E / 9.433°N 116.917°E / 9.433; 116.917 ESE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Boxall Reef [zh] 9°36′N 116°10′E / 9.600°N 116.167°E / 9.600; 116.167 SE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Buck Reef [zh] 5°48′15″N 112°32′15″E / 5.80417°N 112.53750°E / 5.80417; 112.53750 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Carnatic Shoal [zh] 10°06′N 117°21′E / 10.100°N 117.350°E / 10.100; 117.350 NE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Comus Shoal [zh] 5°2′12″N 112°56′20″E / 5.03667°N 112.93889°E / 5.03667; 112.93889 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Connell Reef [zh] 5°4′40″N 112°34′45″E / 5.07778°N 112.57917°E / 5.07778; 112.57917 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Coronation Bank [zh] 9°21′N 111°44′E / 9.350°N 111.733°E / 9.350; 111.733 W of Union Banks
Dhaulle Shoal [zh] 9°28′N 112°24′E / 9.467°N 112.400°E / 9.467; 112.400 W of Union Banks
Director Reef [zh] 8°28′N 115°55′E / 8.467°N 115.917°E / 8.467; 115.917 SE Dangerous Ground
Discovery Small Reef [zh] 10°01′N 114°02′E / 10.017°N 114.033°E / 10.017; 114.033 W of Tizard Banks
Edmund Reef [zh] 9°54′N 114°23.5′E / 9.900°N 114.3917°E / 9.900; 114.3917 Union Banks
Eldad Reef 10°21′N 114°42′E / 10.350°N 114.700°E / 10.350; 114.700 Tizard Bank Unoccupied,
China China Coast Guard regular patrol
Empire Reef [zh] 9°58.5′N 114°35.5′E / 9.9750°N 114.5917°E / 9.9750; 114.5917 Union Banks
First Thomas Shoal 09°20′N 115°57′E / 9.333°N 115.950°E / 9.333; 115.950 SE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied,
China China Coast Guard regular patrol
Friendship Shoal [zh] 5°57′18″N 112°31′43″E / 5.95500°N 112.52861°E / 5.95500; 112.52861 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Ganges Reef [zh] 10°20′N 115°04′E / 10.333°N 115.067°E / 10.333; 115.067 -
Glasgow Bank [zh] 8°28′N 115°30′E / 8.467°N 115.500°E / 8.467; 115.500 SE Dangerous Ground
Half Moon Shoal 8°52′N 116°16′E / 8.867°N 116.267°E / 8.867; 116.267 ESE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Hallet Reef [zh] 9°56′N 114°31′E / 9.933°N 114.517°E / 9.933; 114.517 Union Banks Unoccupied, near China Hughes Reef
Hardie Reef [zh] 5°47′0″N 112°26′45″E / 5.78333°N 112.44583°E / 5.78333; 112.44583 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Hardy Reef [zh]/Hubo Reef 10°08′N 116°08′E / 10.133°N 116.133°E / 10.133; 116.133 NE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Hayes Reef [zh] 5°22′N 112°39′E / 5.367°N 112.650°E / 5.367; 112.650 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Herald Reef (Spratly Islands)  [zh] 4°58′15″N 112°36′15″E / 4.97083°N 112.60417°E / 4.97083; 112.60417 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Higgens Reef [zh] 09°48′N 114°24′E / 9.800°N 114.400°E / 9.800; 114.400 Union Banks
Holiday Reef [zh] 9°58′N 114°34′E / 9.967°N 114.567°E / 9.967; 114.567 Union Banks
Hopkins Reef [zh] 10°48.5′N 116°05.5′E / 10.8083°N 116.0917°E / 10.8083; 116.0917 NE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Hopps Reef [zh] 10°15′N 115°21.5′E / 10.250°N 115.3583°E / 10.250; 115.3583 Southampton Reefs
Investigator Northeast Shoal 9°10.5′N 116°27.5′E / 9.1750°N 116.4583°E / 9.1750; 116.4583 SE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Iroquois Reef [zh] 10°37.5′N 116°10.5′E / 10.6250°N 116.1750°E / 10.6250; 116.1750 NE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Jackson Atoll [zh] 10°29′N 115°45′E / 10.483°N 115.750°E / 10.483; 115.750 NE Dangerous Ground
Johnson Patch [zh] 07°48′15″N 111°34′29″E / 7.80417°N 111.57472°E / 7.80417; 111.57472 Union Banks Riflemen Bank [zh] Unoccupied, near Vietnam Bombay Castle
Jones Reef [zh]/Zhangxi Jiao 9°50′N 114°28′E / 9.833°N 114.467°E / 9.833; 114.467 Union Banks
Jubilee Bank (Spratly Islands) [zh] 8°32′N 111°29′E / 8.533°N 111.483°E / 8.533; 111.483 Spratly Island vicinity Unoccupied, near Vietnam Ladd Reef
Katimugan Banks [zh] [dubious – discuss] 10°30′N 116°40′E / 10.500°N 116.667°E / 10.500; 116.667 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Leslie Bank [zh] 11°05′N 117°28′E / 11.083°N 117.467°E / 11.083; 117.467 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Livock Reef [zh] 10°11′N 115°18′E / 10.183°N 115.300°E / 10.183; 115.300 Southampton Reefs
Loaita Nan 10°42′N 114°19′E / 10.700°N 114.317°E / 10.700; 114.317 Loaita Banks Unoccupied, near Philippines Loaita Cay
Lord Auckland Shoal [zh] 10°20′N 117°17′E / 10.333°N 117.283°E / 10.333; 117.283 NE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Loveless Reef [zh] 9°51′N 114°17′E / 9.850°N 114.283°E / 9.850; 114.283 Union Banks Unoccupied, near Vietnam Sin Cowe Island
Luconia Breakers [zh] 4°59′N 112°37′E / 4.983°N 112.617°E / 4.983; 112.617 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia,
China China Coast Guard regular patrol
Lys Shoal [zh] 11°19′N 114°35′E / 11.317°N 114.583°E / 11.317; 114.583 Trident & Lys
Maralie Reef [zh]
/Bittern Reef		 9°12′N 113°40′E / 9.200°N 113.667°E / 9.200; 113.667 SW Dangerous Ground
Marie Louise Bank [zh] 11°55′N 116°47′E / 11.917°N 116.783°E / 11.917; 116.783 Reed Tablemount Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
McKennan Reef [zh]
/Kennan Reef		 9°54′N 114°28′E / 9.900°N 114.467°E / 9.900; 114.467 Union Banks Unoccupied, near China Hughes Reef
Menzies Reef [zh] 11°09′N 114°48′E / 11.150°N 114.800°E / 11.150; 114.800 NNW Dangerous Ground
Moody Reef [zh] 5°37′38″N 112°21′38″E / 5.62722°N 112.36056°E / 5.62722; 112.36056 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Nares Bank [zh] 11°35′N 116°15′E / 11.583°N 116.250°E / 11.583; 116.250 Reed Tablemount Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
North East Shoal [zh] 8°31′N 115°15′E / 8.517°N 115.250°E / 8.517; 115.250 SE Dangerous Ground
North Luconia Shoals [zh] 5°39′N 112°28′E / 5.650°N 112.467°E / 5.650; 112.467 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
South Luconia Shoals [zh] 5°05′N 112°40′E / 5.083°N 112.667°E / 5.083; 112.667 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
North Reef (Spratly Islands) [zh] 11°28′N 114°23′E / 11.467°N 114.383°E / 11.467; 114.383 North Danger Reef Unoccupied, near Philippines Northeast Cay
North Viper Shoal [zh] 8°02′N 115°23′E / 8.033°N 115.383°E / 8.033; 115.383 SE Dangerous Ground
South Viper Shoal [zh] 7°30′N 115°00′E / 7.500°N 115.000°E / 7.500; 115.000 ESE Dangerous Ground
Owen Shoal [zh] 8°9′N 111°58′E / 8.150°N 111.967°E / 8.150; 111.967 - Unoccupied, near Vietnam Bombay Castle
Pennsylvania North Reef [zh] 10°48′N 116°51′E / 10.800°N 116.850°E / 10.800; 116.850 Reed Tablemount Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Pennsylvania South Reef [zh]
/Magat Salamat Reef		 10°23′N 116°34′E / 10.383°N 116.567°E / 10.383; 116.567 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Reed Bank 11°20′N 116°50′E / 11.333°N 116.833°E / 11.333; 116.833 Reed Tablemount Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Richmond Reef [zh] 5°3′0″N 112°39′52″E / 5.05000°N 112.66444°E / 5.05000; 112.66444 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Royal Captain Shoal 9°01′N 116°40′E / 9.017°N 116.667°E / 9.017; 116.667 ESE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Royal Charlotte Reef [zh] 6°57′N 113°35′E / 6.950°N 113.583°E / 6.950; 113.583 SW Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, near Malaysia,
China China Coast Guard regular patrol
Sabina Shoal 9°45′N 116°28′E / 9.750°N 116.467°E / 9.750; 116.467 SE Dangerous Ground Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands) [zh] 11°04′N 114°13′E / 11.067°N 114.217°E / 11.067; 114.217 Thitu Reefs [zh] Unoccupied, near Philippines Thitu Island
Sandy Shoal [zh] 11°02′N 117°38′E / 11.033°N 117.633°E / 11.033; 117.633 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Seahorse Breakers [zh] 5°30′N 112°35′E / 5.500°N 112.583°E / 5.500; 112.583 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Seahorse Shoal [zh] 10°48′N 117°47′E / 10.800°N 117.783°E / 10.800; 117.783 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Southern Bank (Spratly Islands) [zh] 10°28′N 116°45′E / 10.467°N 116.750°E / 10.467; 116.750 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Stag Shoal [zh] 8°27′N 112°57′E / 8.450°N 112.950°E / 8.450; 112.950 -
Stigant Reef  [zh] 5°1′28″N 112°28′45″E / 5.02444°N 112.47917°E / 5.02444; 112.47917 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Tagpi [zh] [dubious – discuss] 10°33′N 116°56′E / 10.550°N 116.933°E / 10.550; 116.933 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Templar Bank [zh] 11°01′N 117°17′E / 11.017°N 117.283°E / 11.017; 117.283 NE Dangerous Ground- Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian
Third Thomas Shoal 10°54′N 115°56′E / 10.900°N 115.933°E / 10.900; 115.933 NE Dangerous Ground
Thitu Reef [zh] 11°05′N 114°23′E / 11.083°N 114.383°E / 11.083; 114.383 Thitu Reefs [zh] Unoccupied, near Philippines Thitu Island
Trident Shoal [zh] 11°24′N 114°40′E / 11.400°N 114.667°E / 11.400; 114.667 Trident & Lys
Tripp Reef [zh] 5°28′30″N 112°28′30″E / 5.47500°N 112.47500°E / 5.47500; 112.47500 Luconia Shoals Unoccupied, near Malaysia
Western Reef 10°14′N 113°38.33′E / 10.233°N 113.63883°E / 10.233; 113.63883 W of Tizard Banks
Whitson Reef 09°59′N 114°39′E / 9.983°N 114.650°E / 9.983; 114.650 Union Banks Unoccupied,
China China Coast Guard regular patrol

Occupied features[edit]

class=notpageimage|
Location of the major islands/islets in the Spratly Islands

Legend:
 Brunei 1：Louisa Reef
 Malaysia 1：Swallow Reef 2：Ardasier Reef 3：Dallas Reef 4：Erica Reef 5：Investigator Shoal 6：Mariveles Reef
 People's Republic of China 1：Yongshu 2：Meiji 3：Zhubi 4：Huayang 5：Nanxun 6：Chigua 7：Dongmen
 Philippines 1：Flat Island 2：Lankiam Cay 3：Loaita Cay 4：Loaita Island 5：Nanshan Island 6：Northeast Cay 7：Thitu Island
8：West York Island 9：Commodore Reef 10：Irving Reef 11：Second Thomas Shoal
 Republic of China 1：Taiping 2：Zhongzhou

 Vietnam 1：Southwest Cay 2：Sand Cay 3：Namyit Island 4：Sin Cowe Island 5：Spratly Island 6：Amboyna Cay 7：Grierson Reef
8：Central London Reef 9：Pearson Reef 10：Barque Canada Reef 11：West London Reef 12：Ladd Reef 13：Discovery Great Reef
14：Pigeon Reef 15：East London Reef 16：Alison Reef 17：Cornwallis South Reef 18：Petley Reef 19：South Reef
20：Collins Reef 21：Lansdowne Reef 22：Bombay Castle 23：Prince of Wales Bank [zh] 24：Vanguard Bank [zh] 25：Prince Consort Bank [zh]
26：Grainger Bank [zh] 27：Alexandra Bank [zh] 28：Orleana Shoal [zh] 29：Kingston Shoal [zh]

Brunei Darussalam[edit]

Note that Louisa Reef was controlled by Brunei since 2009.

Brunei Brunei
Int'l Name Local Names Description Area (ha.) Reclaimed area
Louisa Reef[3] China 南通礁

Taiwan 南通礁
Nantong Jiao

Rocks 1 m high. Malaysia operates a lighthouse here.[36] 0
Malaysia Terumbu Semarang / Barat Kecil
Total 1 reef 0

Malaysia[edit]

Note that the Royal Malaysian Navy have established 5 Offshore naval stations (Offshore EEZ Stations) on reclaimed land:[37]

  1. 1983: Station Lima (Swallow Reef)
  2. 1986: Station Uniform (Ardasier Reef)
  3. 1986: Station Mike (Mariveles Reef)
  4. 1999: Station Sierra (Erica Reef)
  5. 1999: Station Papa (Investigator Shoal)
Malaysia Malaysia
Int'l Name Local Names Description Area (ha.) Reclaimed area
Swallow Reef/ Island[3][38] Philippines Celerio The eleventh largest Spratly island. Treeless cay and rocks up to 3 m high surround a lagoon. Malaysia has drawn territorial seas around this and Amboyna Cay. Some 70 plus soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Lima". Has a 1.4 km airstrip, jetty and dive resort. Occupied since 1983. 6.2 ~35ha
China 弹丸礁

Taiwan 彈丸礁
Danwan Jiao

Vietnam Đá Hoa Lau
Malaysia Terumbu Layang Layang
Ardasier Reef[3][38] Philippines Antonio Luna[39] 07°38′N 113°56′E / 7.633°N 113.933°E / 7.633; 113.933
Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Has a few sandy patches. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Uniform". Occupied since 1986.[3] 		0
China 光星仔礁

Taiwan 光星仔礁
Guangxingzai Jiao

Vietnam Bãi Kiêu Ngựa
Malaysia Terumbu Ubi
Dallas Reef[3] Philippines Rajah Matanda Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed. Malaysia is also using this reef for tourism. 0
China 光星礁 Guangxing Jiao
Vietnam Đá Suối Cát
Malaysia Terumbu Laya
Erica Reef / Enloa Reef[note 3] Philippines Gabriela Silang[39] Above water only at low tide. Some isolated rocks on the eastern edge stand above high water. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Sierra". Occupied since 1999. 0
China 簸箕礁

Taiwan 簸箕礁
Boji Jiao

Vietnam Đá Én Ca
Malaysia Terumbu Siput
Investigator Shoal[note 3] Philippines Pawikan[39] Above water only at low tide. Some large rocks at the western end are visible at high water. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Papa". Occupied since 1999. 0
China 榆亚暗沙

Taiwan 榆亞暗沙
Yuya Ansha

Vietnam Bãi Thám Hiểm
Malaysia Terumbu Peninjau
Mariveles Reef[3][38] Philippines Mariveles A sand cay, 1.5–2 m high, surrounded by two lagoons, parts of which are above water at high tide. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Mike". Occupied since 1986. 0
China 南海礁

Taiwan 南海礁
Nanhai Jiao

Vietnam Đá Kỳ Vân
Malaysia Terumbu Mantanani
Total 1 island, 4 reefs, and 1 shoal 6.2

People's Republic of China[edit]

China People's Republic of China
Int'l Name Local Names Description Area (ha.) Reclaimed area
Cuarteron Reef[3][38] China 华阳礁 Huayang Jiao 8°53′00″N 112°51′05″E / 8.88333°N 112.85139°E / 8.88333; 112.85139 - Part of London Reefs.

Natural features
Coral rocks only. Highest are 1.5 m high, on the north.
Occupation before land reclamation
Occupied by PRC since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.[40]
Land reclamation
Intelligence reports of November 2014 suggest the reef has been transformed into an island of yet unknown size, due to PRC's land reclamation activities.[1] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.231 km2 and appeared complete.[41]

0 23.1 ha[41]
Philippines Calderon
Vietnam Đá Châu Viên
Fiery Cross Reef / Northwest Investigator Reef[3][38] China 永暑礁 Yongshu Jiao 9°37′N 112°58′E / 9.617°N 112.967°E / 9.617; 112.967 - West of Union Banks

Natural features
Rocks up to 1 m high. [5] says all below high tide, but guano deposits disagree.
Occupation before land reclamation
Occupied by PRC since 1988. "Marine observation station" built by PRC in 1988; PRC built a navy harbor by blasting, piling up and cementing coral; coconut, fir, and banyan trees planted. As of 2011, designated the PRC main command headquarters; equipped with satellite data transmission, surface and air search radars; armed with at least four high-powered naval guns and several gun emplacements.[40]
Land reclamation
Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island 3,000m long and 200-300m wide due to PRC land reclamation activities.[1]
In February 2015, land reclamation was already estimated having reached 2.3 km2, turning the reef to the largest landmass in Spratly islands.[42] The reclaimed area was estimated to have grown to 2.65 km2 in April 2015.[13] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 2.74 km2 and appeared complete.[41]

0 274 ha[41]
Philippines Kagitingan
Vietnam Đá Chữ Thập
Gaven Reefs[3][38] China 南薰礁 Nanxun Jiao (Northern reef) / Xinan or Duolu Jiao
(Southern reef) 		10°12′48″N 114°13′9″E / 10.21333°N 114.21917°E / 10.21333; 114.21917 - Part of Tizard Banks.

Natural features
A sand dune, 2 m high. Has fringing reef plus a reef 2 miles (3 km) to the south, both covered at high tide.
Occupation before land reclamation
Southern reef was occupied by PRC on 7/4/92. Occupied since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.[40]
Land reclamation
Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island of yet unknown size due to PRC land reclamation activities.[1] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.136 km2 and appeared complete.[41]

0 13.6 ha[41]
Philippines Burgos
Vietnam Đá Ga Ven (N. reef) / Đá Lạc (S. reef)
Hughes Reef[3][38] China 东门礁 Dongmen Jiao 9°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E / 9.917; 114.500 - Part of Union Banks.

Natural features
Lies 9 miles (14 km) to the east of Sin Cowe Island. Naturally above water at least at low tide.
Occupation before land reclamation
Occupied since 1988. Has a lighthouse[43] on top of a two storied Chinese defence outpost.[44]
Land reclamation
Imagery captured on 24 January 2015 shows 0.75 km2 of reclaimed land and the construction of a large facility in progress.[45] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.76 km2 and appeared complete.[41]

0 7.6 ha[41]
Vietnam Đá Tư Nghĩa
Johnson South Reef[3][38] China 赤瓜礁 Chigua Jiao 9°42′50″N 114°17′10″E / 9.71389°N 114.286°E / 9.71389; 114.286 - Part of Union Banks.

Natural features
Contiguous with Vietnam-occupied Collins Reef which lies 4 miles (6 km) away northwest. Naturally above water only at low tide, but many rocks above water at high tide.
Occupation before land reclamation
Site of 1988 PRC/Vietnam clash. Occupied since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.[40]
Land reclamation
Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island about 500m by 200m due to PRC land reclamation activities.[1] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.109 km2 and appeared complete.[41]

0 10.9 ha[41]
Philippines Mabini
Vietnam Đá Gạc Ma
Mischief Reef[3][38] China 美济礁 Meiji Jiao 9°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533 - East of the centre of Dangerous Ground.

Natural features
Some rocks above water at low tide. Has a large lagoon.
Occupation before land reclamation
In February 1995, PRC had built a wooden complex on stilts here, starting its formal occupation of the feature. In 1999, the Philippines protested over the expanded structures claiming that it is a military outpost and it poses danger to Philippine security and national defense, being 130 miles (209 km) from Palawan. PRC claimed it was a shelter for fishermen. By 2011, the "shelters" were equipped with satellite communications and radars, and the reef had four building complexes with 13 multi-storey buildings. Fifty Chinese Marines are permanently stationed there.[40]
Land reclamation
In March 2015, it was detected that the PRC had started land reclamation activities on the reef.[46] By April 2015, the reclaimed area had rapidly grown to almost 2.5 km2, and further reclamation was on-going around the reef.[13] By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 5.58 km2 and appeared nearing completion.[41]

0 558 ha[41]
Philippines Panganiban[39]
Vietnam Đá Vành Khăn
Subi (Zhubi) Reef [3][38] China 渚碧礁 Zhubi Dao 10°54′48″N 114°03′43″E / 10.9133°N 114.062°E / 10.9133; 114.062 - West of Thitu Reefs.

Natural features
Lies 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Philippine-occupied Thitu Island (Pagasa Island). Naturally above water only at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon.
Occupation before land reclamation
As of 2011, PRC has built a permanent reef fortress and supply platform that can house 160 troops. This garrison has a helipad and is armed with four twin barrel 37-millimeter naval guns. Houses a doppler weather radar.[40]
Land reclamation
Intelligence reports of March 2015 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island about 1.8 km2 due to PRC land reclamation activities.[2] In April 2015, the reclaimed area was about 2.27 km2 and growing.[13] Two months later, the reclaimed area had grown to 3.87 km2.[47] Later in June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 3.95 km2 and appeared nearing completion.[41]

0 395 ha[47]
Philippines Zamora
Vietnam Đá Xu Bi
Total 7 reefs of which 7 have artificial islands 0 1350.6 ha

Republic of China (Taiwan)[edit]

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