Average human height by country

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Below are two tables which report the average adult human height by country or geographical region. With regard to the first table, original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered. With regard to the second table, these estimated figures for adult human height for said countries and territories in 2019 and the declared sources may conflict with the findings of the first table.

First table: individual surveys and studies

Accuracy

As with any statistical data, the accuracy of the findings may be challenged. In this case, for the following reasons:

  • Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values.[1] Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.[2][3][4][5]
  • Test subjects may have been invited instead of random sampling, resulting in sampling bias.
  • Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 centimetres (4.3 in) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany.[6] Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups.
  • Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 centimetres (1.0 in) taller than the national average.[7] As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries.
  • Height measurement can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or an increase since lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.6 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day.[8] Such factors may not have been controlled in all of the following studies.

Measured and self-reported figures

  Data are representative of the majority of the adult population in the country or region.[a]

Note: Letters in grey indicate non-measured height.

Second table: estimated average height of 19-year-olds in 2019

Accuracy

Map covering reported findings of the second table (male)
Map covering reported findings of the second table (female)

As with any statistical data, the accuracy of the findings may be challenged. In this case, for the following reasons:

  • The study uses a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the trends in mean height from 1985 to 2019. 1,344 academics having collated the results of 2,181 studies covering 65 million people.[218] Their findings are based on selected material rather than all available.
  • The table and diagrams of this subsection are reliant on one singular publication which in turn cites surveys that are largely not available to the public because the public has no free access to them (e.g. mean height, standard deviation, background factors, etc.).[219]
  • Height measurement can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or an increase since lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.6 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day.[8] Such factors may not have been controlled in the following study.

Estimated figures

Countries and territories are sorted according to the average of the male and female mean height:[d]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Data representative of the adult population in the country or region are those that factor in a proportional share of at least 50.0% of the country or region's population aged 18 and over.
  2. ^ Data are calculated as of a data collection year of each survey. If data were taken in several years in a survey, the initial year would be chosen for the calculation.
  3. ^ a b Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognised as an independent state by 104 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 114 UN member states have recognised Kosovo at some point, of which 10 later withdrew their recognition.
  4. ^ Differences in gender distribution were not taken into account. When taken into account, the values differ by up to 0.4 centimetres.[9]

References

  1. ^ Amos J (26 July 2016). "Dutch men revealed as world's tallest". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  2. ^ Krul AJ, Daanen HA, Choi H (August 2011). "Self-reported and measured weight, height and body mass index (BMI) in Italy, the Netherlands and North America". European Journal of Public Health. 21 (4): 414–419. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp228. PMID 20089678.
  3. ^ Lucca A, Moura EC (January 2010). "Validity and reliability of self-reported weight, height and body mass index from telephone interviews". Cadernos de Saude Publica. 26 (1): 110–122. doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2010000100012. PMID 20209215.
  4. ^ Shields M, Gorber SC, Tremblay MS (2009). "Methodological issues in anthropometry: self-reported versus measured height and weight" (PDF). Proceedings of Statistics Canada's Symposium 2008. Data Collection: Challenges, Achievements and New Directions. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  5. ^ a b Moody A (18 December 2013). "10: Adult anthropometric measures, overweight and obesity". In Craig R, Mindell J (eds.). Health Survey for England – 2012 (PDF) (Technical report). Vol. 1. Health and Social Care Information Centre. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  6. ^ a b c "Körpermasse Bundesländer & Städte" (PDF). WWC Web World Center GmbH G.R.P. Institut für Rationelle Psychologie. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012.
  7. ^ a b Herpin, Nicolas (2003). "La taille des hommes: son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle" (PDF). Économie et Statistique. 361 (1): 71–90. doi:10.3406/estat.2003.7355. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  8. ^ a b Buckler JM (September 1978). "Variations in height throughout the day". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 53 (9): 762. doi:10.1136/adc.53.9.762. PMC 1545095. PMID 568918.
  9. ^ a b c Population data from International Data Base Archived 8 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau.
  10. ^ Urban population from The world bank Archived 2 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank.
  11. ^ "Afghanistan - STEPS 2018, National Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Survey". World Health Organization. 2018. p. 40. AFG_2018_STEPS_v01. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  12. ^ Masanovic B, Popovic S, Jarani J, Spahi A, Bjelica D (2020). "Nationwide Stature Estimation From Armspan Measurements in Albanian Youngsters" (PDF). International Journal of Morphology. 38 (2): 382–88. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022020000200382. S2CID 212632269. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d Grasgruber P, Cacek J, Kalina T, Sebera M (December 2014). "The role of nutrition and genetics as key determinants of the positive height trend". Economics and Human Biology. 15: 81–100. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2014.07.002. PMID 25190282.
  14. ^ "Albania Demographic and Health Survey 2008–09" (PDF). Institute of Statistics Institute of Public Health Tirana, Albania. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  15. ^ "Algeria STEPS Survey 2002" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2005. p. 69. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  16. ^ Del Pino M, Bay L, Lejarraga H, Kovalskys I, Berner E, Rausch Herscovici C (2005). "Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años: las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes". Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría (in Spanish). 103 (4): 323–30. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  17. ^ "Prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors in the Republic of Armenia, STEPS National Survey 2016" (PDF). National Institute of Health. 2018. p. 167. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  18. ^ "Australian Health Survey: First Results". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 29 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Society at a Glance 2009: OECD Social Indicators (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 4 January 2024. doi:10.1787/550623158455.
  20. ^ "Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005". Today.az. 7 May 2005. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  21. ^ Gharib NM, Shah P (2009). "Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 29 (4): 258–269. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.55309. PMC 2841452. PMID 19584585.
  22. ^ a b c d e Bjelica D, et al. "Body height and its estimation utilising arm span measurements in Montenegrin adults" (PDF). Anthropological Notebooks. 18 (2): 69–83. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  23. ^ "National nutritional survey for adult Bahrainis aged 19 years and above" (PDF). Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2005. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  24. ^ Khan, Murad Hossain (2014). "Anthropometric Estimation of Bangladeshis living in three different areas" (PDF). crp-bangladesh.org. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  25. ^ "Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey Bangladesh" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2010. p. 120. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease risk factors In Belarus" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2017. p. 74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  27. ^ "Belgian Health Examination Survey (BELHES)" (PDF). November 2019. p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  28. ^ "Adults total body dimensions". Motmans R. DINBelg 2005. Ergonomie RC, Leuven. 2005–2006. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  29. ^ Garcia J, Quintana-Domeque C (July 2007). "The evolution of adult height in Europe: a brief note" (PDF). Economics and Human Biology. 5 (2): 340–349. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.7353. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2007.02.002. hdl:10230/482. PMID 17412655. S2CID 31538560. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2011.
  30. ^ a b c d e "The Central America Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI), Survey of Diabetes, Hypertension and Chronic Disease Risk Factors" (PDF). Pan American Health Organization. 2011. pp. 25–26, 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  31. ^ "Rapport final de l'enquête pour la surveillance des facteurs de risque des maladies non transmissibles par l'approche STEPSwise de l'OMS ENQUETE STEPS 2015 au Bénin" (PDF). World Health Organization (in French). 2016. p. 90. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  32. ^ "National survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using WHO STEPS approach in Bhutan" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. p. 103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Subramanian SV, Özaltin E, Finlay JE (April 2011). "Height of nations: a socioeconomic analysis of cohort differences and patterns among women in 54 low- to middle-income countries". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e18962. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...618962S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018962. PMC 3080396. PMID 21533104.
  34. ^ Bogin, Barry (1999). Patterns of Human Growth. Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-0-521-56438-0. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  35. ^ Popović S, et al. (2015). "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults" (PDF). Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 4 (1): 29–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  36. ^ "Botswana STEPS survey report on non-communicable disease risk factors" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  37. ^ a b c "Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares" (PDF). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  38. ^ a b c Note: Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups.
  39. ^ "The 2nd National Health and Nutritional Status Survey (NHANSS)" (PDF). Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam. 2014. p. 59. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  40. ^ "Европейско здравно интервю основни резултати за столицата" (PDF). National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria) (in Bulgarian). 2008. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  41. ^ "European health interview survey, Metadata and methodology". Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  42. ^ "Rapport de L'enquete Nationale sur la prevalence des principaux facteurs de risques communs aux maldies non transmissibles au Burkina Faso" (PDF). World Health Organization (in French). 2014. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  43. ^ "Prevalence of Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors in Cambodia" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2010. p. 157. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  44. ^ Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC (September 2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey". BMC Public Health. 6: 228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228. PMC 1579217. PMID 16970806.
  45. ^ "Measured standing height, by age and sex, household population, Canada, 2009 to 2011". Statistics Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  46. ^ Shields M, Connor Gorber S, Janssen I, Tremblay MS (September 2011). "Bias in self-reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys: an update on correction equations for adults" (PDF). Health Reports. 22 (3): 35–45. PMID 22106788. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  47. ^ "Capítulo V: Resultados" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 82 (in the PDF file, p. 342). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  48. ^ "香山衡器《2022年中国居民身高体重健康数据报告》". 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  49. ^ "Report on the Status of Nutrition and Chronic Diseases of Chinese Residents (2020)". 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  50. ^ "国家国民体质监测中心发布《第五次国民体质监测公报》". zjtks.tyj.zj.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  51. ^ "第五次国民体质监测统计调查制度". www.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  52. ^ "The average Chinese man weighed 66.2 kilograms (146 pounds) in 2012, having put on an average 3.5 kilograms over 10 years, according to a government report". 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  53. ^ Meisel, Adolfo & Vega, Margarita. "A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910–2002" (PDF). Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics, Venice International University, Venice, Italy, 8–11 July 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  54. ^ Jureša, Vesna; Musil, Vera & Kujundžić Tiljak, Mirjana (2012). "Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years". Collegium Antropologicum. 36 (supplement 1): 47–57. doi:10.5671/ca.2012361s.47. PMID 22338747. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  55. ^ "CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA". II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles, 2001 (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba. 2008. p. 4. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  56. ^ Cífková R, Bruthans J, Wohlfahrt P, Krajčoviechová A, Šulc P, Jozífová M, et al. (May 2020). "30-year trends in major cardiovascular risk factors in the Czech population, Czech MONICA and Czech post-MONICA, 1985 - 2016/17". PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0232845. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532845C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232845. PMC 7213700. PMID 32392239.
  57. ^ Vignerová J, Brabec M, Bláha P (June 2006). "Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth". Economics and Human Biology. 4 (2): 237–252. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.09.002. PMID 16371255.
  58. ^ "Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height" (PDF). Forsvarets rekruttering, Kingdom of Denmark. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  59. ^ Pineau JC, Delamarche P, Bozinovic S (September 2005). "[Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps]". Comptes Rendus Biologies (in French). 328 (9): 841–846. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004. PMID 16168365. Note: the authors added +1 cm to the mean height of the male sample to account for unfinished growth, resulting in a statistical value of 185.6 cm.
  60. ^ NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (July 2016). "A century of trends in adult human height". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.13410. PMC 4961475. PMID 27458798.
  61. ^ "National survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and injuries using WHO STEPS approach in Timor-Leste" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. pp. 11, 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  62. ^ Ecuador – Encuesta de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) Archived 3 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  63. ^ "Egypt – Demographic and Health Survey 2008" (PDF). measuredhs.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  64. ^ Leitsalu L, Haller T, Esko T, Tammesoo ML, Alavere H, Snieder H, et al. (August 2015). "Cohort Profile: Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu". International Journal of Epidemiology. 44 (4): 1137–1147. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt268. PMID 24518929.
  65. ^ "WHO STEPS Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance Report, Swaziland 2014" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. p. 141. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  66. ^ "Ethiopia STEPS report on risk factors for non-communicable diseaes and prevalence of selected NCDs" (PDF). World Health Organization. December 2016. p. 102. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  67. ^ "Fiji NCD STEPS Survey 2002" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2002. pp. 27–28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  68. ^ a b "Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen, Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  69. ^ "Uudet kasvukäyrät". thl.fi. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  70. ^ "La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration" (PDF). ifth.org. 2 February 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  71. ^ "Mode & Couture" (PDF). Educatel une formation pour chaque projet. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  72. ^ "Enquête sur les facteurs de risque des maladies non transmissibles à Libreville et Owendo" (PDF). World Health Organization (in French). 2009. pp. 41–42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  73. ^ Cham B, Scholes S, Ng Fat L, Badjie O, Mindell JS (June 2018). "Burden of hypertension in The Gambia: evidence from a national World Health Organization (WHO) STEP survey". International Journal of Epidemiology. 47 (3): 860–871. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx279. PMID 29394353.
  74. ^ Sear, Rebecca. "Size, body condition and adult mortality in rural The Gambia: a life history perspective" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  75. ^ "Non-communicable diseases risk-factor steps survey, Georgia, 2016. Executive summary" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2018. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  76. ^ "არაგადამდები დაავადებების რისკის ფაქტორების STEPS კვლევა საქართველო" (PDF). World Health Organization (in Georgian). 2018. p. 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  77. ^ a b "Mikrozensus – Gesundheitszustand und -relevantes Verhalten - Körpermaße nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht". Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden. 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  78. ^ a b "Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*". Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  79. ^ "Informe Final, V Encuesta Nacional de Salud Materno Infantil, 2008–2009" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (Guatemala) (in Spanish). 2011. pp. 16, 337, 358. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  80. ^ So HK, Nelson EA, Li AM, Wong EM, Lau JT, Guldan GS, et al. (September 2008). "Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children". BMC Public Health. 8: 320. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-320. PMC 2572616. PMID 18803873.
  81. ^ The university participation rate is approximately 20% in 2005. Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education Archived 8 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Committee on Self-financing Post-secondary Education
  82. ^ Jones AY, Dean E, Lam PK, Lo SK (September 2005). "Discordance between lung function of chinese university students and 20-year-old established norms". Chest. 128 (3): 1297–1303. doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.1297. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30009328. PMID 16162721.
  83. ^ Mészáros Z, Mészáros J, Völgyi E, Sziva A, Pampakas P, Prókai A, Szmodis M (September 2008). "Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys: differences between 1980-2005". Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 27 (5): 241–245. doi:10.2114/jpa2.27.241. PMID 18838839.
  84. ^ "Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)". Retrieved 11 February 2012.[dead link]
  85. ^ Mamidi RS, Kulkarni B, Singh A (March 2011). "Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes". Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 32 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1177/156482651103200103. PMID 21560461. S2CID 25779466.
  86. ^ Marwaha, Raman Kumar; Tandon, Nikhil; Ganie, Mohd Ashraf; Kanwar, Ratnesh; Shivaprasad, C.; Sabharwal, Amit; Bhadra, Kuntal; Narang, Archna (2011). "Nationwide reference data for height, weight and body mass index of Indian schoolchildren". The National Medical Journal of India. 24 (5): 269–277. ISSN 0970-258X. PMID 22680077.
  87. ^ Aman B Pulungan, Madarina Julia, Jose RL Batubara and Michael Hermanussen. "Indonesian National Synthetic Growth Charts""Acta Scientific Paediatrics" Archived 26 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine: Volume 1 Issue 1. August 2018. Pages 28–29.
  88. ^ a b Haghdoost, AA; Mirzazadeh, A & Alikhani, S (2008). "Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984" (PDF). Iranian J Publ Health. 37 (1): 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2012.
  89. ^ "Noncummunicable Diseases Risk Factors STEPS Survey Iraq 2015". World Health Organization. 2015. p. 49. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  90. ^ "נתוני גובה ממוצע". Health-pages.co.il. 7 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  91. ^ a b "Giovani: al Nord si fa meno sesso rispetto al Sud". ilGiornale.it (in Italian). 30 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  92. ^ a b "I neo-maggiorenni tra sesso, fumo, alcol e droghe: numeri "importanti" per Padova, ma c'è chi la batte..." PadovaOggi (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  93. ^ Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, Spada E, Bona G, Cavallo L, et al. (2006). "Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr)". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 29 (7): 581–593. doi:10.1007/BF03344156. PMID 16957405. S2CID 25904766.
  94. ^ a b Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Osotimehin B, Forrester T (November 1998). "Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African-Americans". Diabetes Care. 21 (11): 1836–1842. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.11.1836. PMID 9802730.
  95. ^ "体力・運動能力調査 平成30年度 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". 政府統計の総合窓口 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.