Gender inequality in Ukraine

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Gender inequality in Ukraine refers to economic, social, political and education inequalities between men and women of Ukraine experienced due to their gender. According to multiple reports it is an ongoing issue on each level of the Ukrainian society, where discrimination of women is an inevitable part of everyday life.[1] The root causes of the circumstances are reportedly related to patriarchal attitudes and deeply entrenched gender stereotypes of the traditional Ukrainian culture. The cultural environment in Ukraine is aggravated by a poor rule of law, insufficient power of the social institutions and lack of political will.[2]

In the response of concerns the Ukrainian government tried to develop various legislation, especially concerning institutional and personal gender discrimination. Unfortunately the practical implementation of the legal system and the law enforcement remain to be inadequately performed and the Ukrainian women still face different kinds of discrimination (legal, political etc.) The practice affects many aspects of their everyday lives from career development to health issues and results in a high level of violence directed towards women.[3][4]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, men from 18 to 60 years old were prohibited from leaving Ukraine, systematically putting men at greater risk of harm and death.[5][6][7]

In 2017, Ukraine ranked 88th out of 189 countries on the United Nations Development Programme's Gender Inequality Index (GII).[8]

Women in politics[edit]

According to collected research statistics the Ukrainian women are underrepresented in Ukrainian political life. This is a very important issue because the extent of women's involvement in politics and their access to decision-making is a key indicator of gender equality in a society.[9]

During the Soviet period of the Ukrainian history the share of women in Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) was as high as 30%. It was a result of a strict non-official quota for women in elected office imposed by the Communist Party of the USSR.[9][10] Very interesting to note that after receiving independence the women's public participation at many levels of the Ukrainian politics significantly declined.[11] For example, after the first elections in newly independent Ukraine, women filled only 3% of positions in the Ukrainian Parliament[12] (12 females among 463 Deputies[13]). Later In 2002, although one-fifth of parliamentary candidates were women, they filled only 5.1% of parliamentary seats, one of the lowest ratios of female representation in the region.[12] At present after elections of 2014 the representation of women in Verkhovna Rada is around 12%.[14]

Economic inequality and gender pay gap[edit]

In average Ukrainian females have higher educational levels than males, but women tend to cluster in poorly paid occupations and earn about 70% of the men's wages. The widest gender gap in the salaries has been detected in the financial sphere, while the smallest gap exists in agriculture, where the wages are generally much lower than in all other parts of the Ukrainian economy.[15]

Many provisions of Ukrainian legislation have been criticized by international bodies as they create obstacles to women's participation in the local labor market as well as impose restrictions on women's economic opportunities.[16][17] An analysis of the gathered evidences indicate that a gender discrimination in hiring process is commonplace, despite being prohibited by the Ukrainian law.[18] As a rule it is very hard for a woman past 40 to get a job, females are dismissed more often than males and often suffer from sexual harassment at work. Therefore, Ukrainian women are over-represented in informal sector of economy, where they perform noncontractual work. This kind of economic activity provides them a basic income, but not pensions or other social benefits.[12]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Human Rights Encyclopedia 2001, p. 549, Ukraine.
  2. ^ Gender Equality Archived 2 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Ukraine
  3. ^ M. Rampoldi and D. Nanni Gender issues in the Ukraine 9 March 2017
  4. ^ In the Crosscurrents 2015, p. 39, Gender based violence.
  5. ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country". USA Today. USA Today. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  6. ^ Maguire, Amy (8 March 2022). "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  7. ^ Carpenter, Charli (11 March 2022). "Male-Only Conscription Will Undermine Ukraine's War Effort". World Politics Review. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  8. ^ Table 5: Gender Inequality Index United Nations Development Programme
  9. ^ a b Ukrainian Women’s Fund 2011, p. 4, Current Situation Analysis.
  10. ^ Culture and Customs of Ukraine 2011, p. 59, Women in Ukraine.
  11. ^ Culture and Customs of Ukraine 2011, p. 60, Women in Ukraine.
  12. ^ a b c Culture and Customs of Ukraine 2011, p. 62, Women in Ukraine.
  13. ^ O. Zakharova, A. Oktysyuk, S. Radchenko Participation of Women in Ukrainian Politics International Centre for Policy Studies, Kyiv, 2017
  14. ^ Women in national parliaments Situation as of 1 December 2018
  15. ^ Culture and Customs of Ukraine 2011, p. 61, Women in Ukraine.
  16. ^ In the Crosscurrents 2015, p. 27, Discrimination on the Basis of Gender.
  17. ^ In the Crosscurrents 2015, p. 45, Discrimination in Recruitment.

References[edit]

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