Geldanamycin
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| IUPAC name (4E,6Z,8S,9S,10E,12S,13R,14S,16R)-13-hydroxy- | |
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| Properties | |
| C29H40N2O9 | |
| Molar mass | 560.64 g/mol |
| Appearance | Gold-yellow fine crystalline powder |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Geldanamycin is a 1,4-benzoquinone ansamycin antitumor antibiotic that inhibits the function of Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) by binding to the unusual ADP/ATP-binding pocket of the protein.[1] HSP90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis.[2]
Geldanamycin induces the degradation of proteins that are mutated or overexpressed in tumor cells such as v-Src, Bcr-Abl, p53, and ERBB2. This effect is mediated via HSP90. Despite its potent antitumor potential, geldanamycin presents several major drawbacks as a drug candidate such as hepatotoxicity, further, Jilani et al.. reported that geldanamycin induces the apoptosis of erythrocytes under physiological concentrations.[4] These side effects have led to the development of geldanamycin analogues, in particular analogues containing a derivatisation at the 17 position:
Biosynthesis[edit]
Geldanamycin was originally discovered in the organism Streptomyces hygroscopicus.[5] It is a macrocyclic polyketide that is synthesized by a Type I polyketide synthase. The genes gelA, gelB, and gelC encode for the polyketide synthase. The PKS is first loaded with 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA). It then utilizes malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and methoxymalonyl-CoA to synthesize the precursor molecule Progeldanamycin.[6] This precursor is subjected to several enzymatic and non-enzymatic tailoring steps to produce the active molecule Geldanamycin, which include hydroxylation, o-methylation, carbamoylation, and oxidation.[7]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Schulte, T. W.; Akinaga, S.; Soga, S.; Sullivan, W.; Stensgard, B.; Toft, D.; Neckers, L. M. (1998). "Antibiotic radicicol binds to the N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and shares important biologic activities with geldanamycin". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 3 (2): 100–108. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(1998)003<0100:ARBTTN>2.3.CO;2. PMC 312953. PMID 9672245.
- ^ Wayne, N.; Mishra, P.; Bolon, D.N. (2011). "Hsp90 and Client Protein Maturation". Molecular Chaperones. Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 787. pp. 33–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-295-3_3. ISBN 978-1-61779-294-6. PMC 5078872. PMID 21898225.
- ^ Stebbins, C. E.; Russo, A. A.; Schneider, C.; Rosen, N.; Hartl, F. U.; Pavletich, N. P. (1997). "Crystal structure of an Hsp90-geldanamycin complex: Targeting of a protein chaperone by an antitumor agent". Cell. 89 (2): 239–250. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80203-2. PMID 9108479. S2CID 5253110.
- ^ Jilani, Kashif; Qadri, Syed M.; Lang, Florian (2013). "Geldanamycin-Induced Phosphatidylserine Translocation in the Erythrocyte Membrane". Cell Physiol Biochem. 32 (6): 1600–1609. doi:10.1159/000356596. PMID 24335345.
- ^ He, W.; Wu, L.; Gao, Q.; Du, Y.; Wang, Y. (2006). "Identification of AHBA Biosynthetic Genes Related to Geldanamycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997". Current Microbiology. 52 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1007/s00284-005-0203-y. PMID 16502293. S2CID 22291736.
- ^ Kim, W.; Lee, D.; Hong, S. S.; Na, Z.; Shin, J. C.; Roh, S. H.; Wu, C. Z.; Choi, O.; Lee, K.; Shen, Y. M.; Paik, S. G.; Lee, J. J.; Hong, Y. S. (2009). "Rational Biosynthetic Engineering for Optimization of Geldanamycin Analogues". ChemBioChem. 10 (7): 1243–1251. doi:10.1002/cbic.200800763. PMID 19308924. S2CID 3273370.
- ^ Lee, D.; Lee, K.; Cai, X. F.; Dat, N. T.; Boovanahalli, S. K.; Lee, M.; Shin, J. C.; Kim, W.; Jeong, J. K.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, C. H.; Lee, J. H.; Hong, Y. S.; Lee, J. J. (2006). "Biosynthesis of the Heat-Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor Geldanamycin: New Insight into the Formation of the Benzoquinone Moiety". ChemBioChem. 7 (2): 246–248. doi:10.1002/cbic.200500441. PMID 16381049. S2CID 42998903.
References[edit]
- Bedin, M.; Gaben, A. M.; Saucier, C. C.; Mester, J. (2004). "Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of the chaperone activity of HSP90, induces MAPK-independent cell cycle arrest". International Journal of Cancer. 109 (5): 643–652. doi:10.1002/ijc.20010. PMID 14999769. S2CID 39451213.