fc (Unix)

fc is a standard program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems that lists, edits and re-executes commands previously entered to an interactive shell. Its name is an initialism for "fix command".^[1] It is particularly helpful for editing complex, multi-line commands.

The fc command is required to be an "intrinsic" utility by POSIX^[2], and as such is implemented as a builtin in the Bash, Zsh, and Almquist shells.

Invoked with no options, fc will open a text editor, allowing the user to modify the last-run command. Upon exiting the editor, the modified command is executed in the current shell. Various other command-line options are supported, allowing quick substitutions, repetition or modification of a specific command from the session history, or a range of commands from the history.

When invoked with the -l flag, fc will list recent lines from the session history (the last 16 lines by default in the Bash shell^[3]):

$ fc -l 1	 pwd 2	 whoami 3	 ls 4    ls -a 

When invoked with -s PATTERN, fc will re-run the most recent command matching PATTERN:

$ fc -s ls ls -a .  ..  .bash_logout  .bashrc  .profile 

Though, more powerfully, -s enables inline substitution:

$ ls floder        # user typo  $ fc -s flod=fold  # revise and re-run with correction ls folder 

Invoking fc with no arguments edits the last command executed with the user's preferred text editor. Upon exiting the editor, the modified command will execute in the current shell.^[4]

$ fc  # change 'ls -a' to 'ls -la' in editor and exit ls -la total 20 drwxr-x--- 2 user user 4096 Apr 22 15:38 . drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 22 15:38 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 user user  220 Apr 22 15:38 .bash_logout ⋮ 

The editor to be used can be specified with the -e option; otherwise it is read from the value of the FCEDIT environment variable^[5], or, in some shells, EDITOR ^[3][6][7], with a fallback to vi or ed.

It is also possible to edit and re-invoke a range of commands from the history:

$ fc -l 1	 pwd 2	 whoami 3	 ls 4    ls -a 5    ls -la  $ fc 1 2  # specify start and end history entries, separated by whitespace pwd /home/user whoami user 

• fc: process the command history list – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group

• List of Unix commands