Jumli language

Jumli Khas
जुम्ली खस
The word "Jumli" written in Devanagari script
RegionNepal
Native speakers
8,300 (2021)[1]
Dialects
  • Asi Darali
  • Tribikoti
  • Rasakoti
  • Muhu
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3jml
Glottologjuml1238

Jumli or Jumli Khas is an Indo-Aryan language of Nepal closely related to Nepali. It is primarily spoken in the Karnali Province of Nepal.[1] The language is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Nepali; however, the Government of Nepal considers Jumli as a different language and the 2011 Nepal census put the number of native speakers at 851.[2] The Khas language is known as the parent language of Nepali language.

Dialects[edit]

Script[edit]

Jumli Khas language uses the Devanagari script.

History[edit]

Khas language is considered to be the parent language of Nepali. The language is considered to developed in Sinja Valley of Karnali province.[4]

2017 Proposed Phonology[edit]

On 17 August 2017, a draft regarding 'Jumli Khas language writing style' was proposed. The draft proposed 29 consonants and 6 vowels for writing the language. According to Ramanand Acharya, a linguist and editor of the Jumli Khas dictionary, the proposed draft was prepared based on the Khas language and colloquial language and vernacular spoken in the then Karnali Khas Kingdom.[5] However, on 15 August 2022, the Language Commission of Nepal finalized a phonology with 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters.

Vowels[edit]

Unlike Nepali, Jumli Khas only have 6 oral vowels.

Jumli Khas vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ʌ
Open a

Consonants[edit]

Jumli Khas consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ⟨म⟩ n ⟨न⟩ ŋ ⟨ङ⟩
Plosive/

Affricate

voiceless unaspirated p ⟨प⟩ t ⟨त⟩ t͡s ⟨च⟩ ʈ ⟨ट⟩ k ⟨क⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨फ⟩ tʰ ⟨थ⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨छ⟩ ʈʰ ⟨ठ⟩ kʰ ⟨ख⟩
voiced unaspirated b ⟨ब⟩ d ⟨द⟩ d͡z ⟨ज⟩ ɖ ⟨ड⟩ ɡ ⟨ग⟩
aspirated bʱ ⟨भ⟩ dʱ ⟨ध⟩ d͡zʱ ⟨झ⟩ ɖʱ ⟨ढ⟩ ɡʱ ⟨घ⟩
Fricative s ⟨स⟩ ɦ ⟨ह⟩
Rhotic r ⟨र⟩
Approximant (w ⟨व⟩) l ⟨ल⟩ (j ⟨य⟩)

The standard record regarding the grammar and vocabulary was not collected and standardized as of 2022.[4] On 15 August 2022, at the initiative of the local government, the Language Commission started the process of documenting and archiving the language.[6] According to proposal, 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters were finalized for developing writing system of the language.[7]

Present status[edit]

In 2020, twenty-eight schools in Tatopani Rural Municipality of Jumla District started teaching in Jumli Khas language.[8]

Dictionary[edit]

In 2008, Ramanand Acharya started compiling the first ever Jumli Khas Dictionary titled Khasiya Akhar.[9] Khas means Khas people and Aakhar means word or a letter. As of 2019, he had collected around 25 thousands words. The collection process has been at a slow rate due to lack of funding.[10] The Karnali Province government allocated funds for the process in the budget of the fiscal year 2077/2078 BS (2020/2021).[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Jumli Khas at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "Census Nepal 2021". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  3. ^ "जुम्ली शब्दकोश अधुरै". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  4. ^ a b "भाषा आयोगको लापरबाही : जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेख नै छैन". भाषा आयोगको लापरबाही : जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेख नै छैन. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  5. ^ संवाददाता, केन्द्रबिन्दु. "'खस जुम्ली भाषा लेखनशैली'को प्रस्तावित मस्यौदा निर्माण". kendrabindu.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  6. ^ कालिकोट, ललित विष्ट. "जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेखीकरण गर्ने तयारी". nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  7. ^ "जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेखिकरण गरिँदै". Nepal Press. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  8. ^ "Teaching and learning in Khas language". रेडियो नेपाल. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  9. ^ "Jumli dictionary of Khas language being created". Setopati. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  10. ^ "लेखिँदै जुम्ली खस शब्दकोश". Kharibot (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  11. ^ "लेखिने भयो 'खसिया आखर'". लेखिने भयो ‘खसिया आखर’. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
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