List of immortalized cell lines overgrown by other, more aggressive cells
Many cell lines that are widely used for biomedical research have been overgrown by other, more aggressive cells. For example, supposed thyroid lines were actually melanoma cells, supposed prostate tissue was actually bladder cancer, and supposed normal uterine cultures were actually breast cancer.[1] This is a list of cell lines that have been cross-contaminated and overgrown by other cells. Estimates based on screening of leukemia -lymphoma cell lines suggest that about 15% of these cell lines are not representative of what they are usually assumed to be.[2] A project is currently underway to enumerate and rename contaminated cell lines to avoid errors in research caused by misattribution.[3] [4] [a]
Contaminated cell lines have been extensively used in research without knowledge of their true character. For example, most if not all research on the endothelium ECV-304 or the megakaryocyte DAMI cell lines has in reality been conducted on bladder carcinoma and erythroleukemia cells, respectively. Thus, all research on endothelium- or megakaryocyte-specific functions utilizing these cell lines has turned out to be misguided, serving more of a warning example.
There are two principal ways a cell line can become contaminated: cell cultures are often exchanged between research groups; if, during handling, a sample gets contaminated and then passed on, subsequent exchanges of cells will lead to the contaminating population being established, although parts of the supposed cell line are still genuine. More serious is contamination at the source: during establishment of the original cell line, some contaminating cells are accidentally introduced into the cultures, where they in time outgrow the desired cells. The initial testing, in this case, still suggested that the cell line is genuine and novel, but in reality, it has disappeared soon after being established and all samples of such cell lines are actually the contaminant cells. It requires lengthy research to determine the precise point where cell lines have become contaminated. A mix-up rated as contamination could in reality be a simple confusion of two cell lines, but usually contamination is assumed.[citation needed ]
After a cell line has been discovered to be contaminated, they are usually never used again for research demanding the specific type of cell line they are assumed to be. Most contaminated cell lines are discarded, however sometimes contaminant cells have acquired novel characteristics (e.g., by mutation or viral transfection , for example the HeLa derivate Det98) and thus constitute a novel lineage after all, so are not thrown away. If a cell line is thought to be contaminated, it is usually tested for authenticity.[b] The widespread contamination of HeLa cells was initially recognized by Walter Nelson-Rees using simple Giemsa stain karyotyping under a light microscope . This technique works well in recognizing HeLa because these cells have distinctive chromosome aberrations. Novel cell lines are proliferated and distributed and/or deposited at a safekeeping institution such as the ATCC as soon as possible after establishment, to minimize the odds that the line becomes spoiled by contamination. It is considered good practice to periodically check cell lines maintained under laboratory conditions (i.e., not placed in long-term storage) for contamination with HeLa or other common contaminants, to ensure that their quality and integrity are maintained.[citation needed ]
Lists of contaminated cell lines [ edit ] This list, containing 488 cell lines, was last updated on 1 December 2016.[c]
Cellosaurus also is maintaining a list of "problematic" cell lines.[6] The list is dynamically generated from all cell lines in the database with a comment containing the dedicated words "Problematic cell line". As of 17 January 2017[update] , the list contains 757 entries.
If no species is given in the individual entries of the following tables, the table's species applies to both the assumed and the actual cell types.
Cell lines marked Virtual in the table below are known instances of contamination at the source; these cell lines became extinct or never existed. Cases where non-contaminated lines are known or strongly suspected to exist are marked Existent .
Contaminated human cell lines [ edit ] Supposed cell line Existent? Supposed cell type Real cell line Real cell type Reference Cellosaurus 207 Existent pre-B cell leukemia REH or CCRF-CEM pre-B cell or T cell leukemia [7] CVCL_K034 2474/90 Virtual stomach carcinoma HT-29 colon carcinoma [7] CVCL_9556 2563, MAC-21 lung lymphoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_M629 , CVCL_M627 2957/90 Virtual stomach carcinoma HT-29 colon carcinoma [7] CVCL_9557 3051/80 Virtual stomach carcinoma HT-29 colon carcinoma [7] CVCL_9558 ADLC-5M2 Virtual lung carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_8169 AG-F Virtual Hodgkin's disease CCRF-CEM variant T cell leukemia [9] CVCL_D101 AO Virtual amnion HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_D631 ARH-77 Existent? plasma cell leukemia unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid [9] CVCL_1072 AV3 Virtual amnion HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_1904 BCC1/KMC Virtual basal cell carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_A033 BE-13 Virtual T cell leukemia PEER T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_1081 BJA-B Existent Burkitt's lymphoma REH pre-B cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_5711 BLIN-1, -1E8 Virtual pre-B cell leukemia NALM-6 pre-B cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8173 BM-1604 Virtual prostate carcinoma DU-145 prostate carcinoma [7] CVCL_1968 BrCa 5 Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_D280 BT-20 Existent breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_0178 CaMa (cl 15) Virtual breast carcinoma unknown Laboratory mouse /Golden hamster cells [8] CVCL_1T14 CaOV Virtual ovarian carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M091 CaVe Virtual stomach carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_8444 Chang liver liver HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_0238 CHB Virtual astrocytoma unknown Laboratory rat glial cells ? [8] CVCL_1R45 CMP, CMPII C2 Virtual intestinal adenocarcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_D297 CVCL_L115 CO (COLE) Virtual Hodgkin's disease CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia [9] CVCL_J653 COLO-818 Virtual melanoma COLO-800 melanoma [7] CVCL_1998 D18T Virtual synovial cell HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8669 DAMI Virtual megakaryocytic HEL erythroleukemia MacLeod et al. (1997a, b) CVCL_4360 DAPT Virtual pilocytic astrocytoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_D279 Detroit 6 (Det6) Virtual sternal marrow HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_2436 Detroit 30A (Det30A) Virtual carcinoma ascites HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8674 Detroit 98 (Det98), Det98/AG, Det98/AH-2, Det98/AHR Virtual sternal marrow HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8188 DD Virtual malignant histiocytosis K-562 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_J651 EB33 Virtual prostate HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8344 ECV-304 Virtual normal endothelium T-24 bladder carcinoma Dirks et al. (1999); Lacroix (2008) CVCL_2029 EH Virtual hairy cell leukemia HK hairy cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_L804 ElCo Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8686 EPLC-32M1 Virtual lung carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_8193 EPLC-65H Virtual lung carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_8194 ESP1 Virtual Sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8351 EU-1 Virtual pre-B cell leukemia REH pre-B cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8857 EU-7 Virtual T cell leukemia CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8865 EUE Virtual fetal subcutis HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_7262 EVLC2 Virtual transfected umbilical vein endothelium unknown non-endothelial ? Unger et al. (2002) CVCL_8687 F2-4E5 Virtual thymus epithelium SK-HEP-1 liver carcinoma [7] CVCL_A040 F2-5B6 Virtual thymus epithelium SK-HEP-1 liver carcinoma [7] CVCL_A041 F255A4 Virtual HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_8688 FL Virtual amnion HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_1905 FQ, RB, RY, SpR Virtual Hodgkin's disease spleen OMK-210 Three-striped night monkey kidney [8] CVCL_L984 , CVCL_L985 ,CVCL_U964 , CVCL_L986 G-11 Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_U962 GHE Virtual astrocytoma T-24 bladder carcinoma [7] CVCL_8199 Girardi heart heart HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_2254 GM01312 myeloma unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_J111 GM01500 myeloma unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_D870 GREF-X Virtual liver myofibroblast unknown Laboratory rat cell line [7] CVCL_7667 HAEND liver angiosarcoma unknown non-endothelial ? Unger et al. (2002) CVCL_8690 hAG Virtual adenomatoid goitre T-24 bladder carcinoma [7] CVCL_8223 HBC Virtual infiltrating ductal carcinoma unknown Rat cell line [8] CVCL_M630 HBT3, HBT-E, HBT-39b Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_D281 , CVCL_M746 ,CVCL_J652 HCE Virtual cervical carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M619 HEK Virtual embryonic kidney HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M624 HEK/HRV transfected embryonic kidney HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M625 HEL-R66 Virtual embryonic lung unknown Grivet cell line [8] CVCL_1R39 HEp-2 Virtual larynx epidermoid carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma Chen (1988); Lacroix (2008) CVCL_1906 HIMeg-1 Existent? CML HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8439 HKB-1 Virtual Hodgkin's disease unknown unknown Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_5290 HMV-1 Virtual melanoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_8233 HPB-ALL Existent T cell leukemia Jurkat T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_1820 HPB-MLT Virtual T cell leukemia HPB-ALL T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_7959 hPTC Virtual papillary thyroid carcinoma unknown Domestic pig cell line [7] CVCL_8224 HS-445 Hodgkin's disease unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_0761 HS-Sultan Virtual multiple myeloma plasmacytoma Jijoye Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma Drexler et al. (2001) CVCL_2516 HuK°39 Virtual kidney HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_8283 HuT Virtual fibrosarcoma-derived cell line 8387 HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_M861 IM-9 multiple myeloma unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid ;[9] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_1305 IMC-2 Virtual maxillary carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_8245 Intestine 407 (INT 407) Virtual intestinal epithelium HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_1907 J96 Virtual leukemic blood HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_3990 J111 Virtual monocytic leukemia HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_2965 JHC Virtual placenta HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M093 JHT Virtual transfected placenta HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_M620 JOSK-I, -K, -M, -S Virtual monocytic leukemia U-937 histiocytic lymphoma [7] CVCL_2082 , CVCL_81411 ,CVCL_2083 , CVCL_8142 K051 Existent? myeloblastic leukemia K-562 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_3000 Karpas 45 Existent T cell leukemia unknown unknown [9] CVCL_1326 KB Virtual oral carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_0372 KBM-3 Existent monocytic leukemia HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_A425 KE-37 Existent T cell leukemia CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia [9] CVCL_1327 KM-3 Existent? pre-B cell leukemia REH pre-B cell leukemia [9] CVCL_0011 KMS-21-BM Existent? myeloma unknown unknown Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_2991 KPB-M15 Virtual terminal CML KYO-1 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_5308 KP-P1 Virtual prostate carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_D283 L132 Virtual embryonic lung epithelium HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_1908 L-540 Existent Hodgkin's disease CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_1362 L-591 Existent? Hodgkin's disease unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_1867 LED-Ti cervical carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_8438 LR10.6 Virtual pre-B cell leukemia NALM-6 pre-B cell leukemia [7] CVCL_8260 LU Virtual fetal lung HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_M631 LU 106 Virtual embryonic lung HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_8892 M10T Virtual synovial cell HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M094 MA160 Virtual prostate HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8261 MaTu Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_5328 MB-02 Existent megakaryoblastic leukemia HU-3 megakaryoblastic leukemia [9] CVCL_7075 MC-4000 Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_5331 MC/CAR plasma cell leukemia unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid [9] CVCL_1397 McCoy Virtual synovial cell Strain L Laboratory mouse connective tissue [10] CVCL_3742 MDA-MB-435 Virtual breast carcinoma M14 melanoma Ellison et al. J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol 55, 294-9; Lacroix (2008) CVCL_0417 MDS Virtual monocytic leukemia Jurkat T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_L807 MHH-225 Existent? megakaryoblastic leukemia Jurkat T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8894 Minnesota EE Virtual esophageal epithelium HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8264 MKB-1 Virtual T cell leukemia CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia [7] CVCL_8265 MOBS-1 Virtual monocytic leukemia U-937 histiocytic lymphoma [9] CVCL_8442 MOLT-15 Virtual T cell leukemia CTV-1 monocytic leukemia [7] CVCL_8150 MT-1 Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[7] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_0441 MUTZ-1 Virtual T cell leukemia Namalwa Burkitt's lymphoma [9] CVCL_1431 NCTC2544, NCTC3075 Virtual skin epithelium HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_0461 , CVCL_8156 NCI-ADR-RES Virtual breast cancer OVCAR-8 high grade serous ovarian cancer Liscovitch & Ravid (2007) CVCL_1452 NOI-90 Virtual natural killer cell lymphoma REH pre-B cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8462 OE Virtual endometrium HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_J350 OU-AML-1, -2. -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8 Virtual acute myeloid leukemia OCI/AML2 monocytic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8391 , CVCL_8392 ,CVCL_8393 , CVCL_8394 ,CVCL_8395 , CVCL_8396 ,CVCL_8397 , CVCL_8398 P1-1A3 Virtual thymus epithelium SK-HEP-1 liver carcinoma [7] CVCL_A042 P1-4D6 Virtual thymus epithelium SK-HEP-1 liver carcinoma [7] CVCL_A046 P39/Tsugane Existent myeloblastic leukemia HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_0478 PBEI Virtual pre-B cell leukemia NALM-6 pre-B cell leukemia [7] CVCL_8270 PLB-985 Virtual monocytic leukemia HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_2162 RAMAK-1 Virtual muscle synovium T-24 bladder carcinoma [7] CVCL_8271 RBHF-1 Virtual hepatoma unknown non-human mammal cell line [7] CVCL_Y465 RC-2A Existent? monocytic leukemia CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia [9] CVCL_L808 RED-3 Virtual acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8907 REH-6 Virtual pre-B cell leukemia unknown Laboratory mouse cell line [9] CVCL_L803 RM-10 Virtual terminal CML K-562 terminal CML [9] CVCL_8463 RPMI-6666 Hodgkin's disease unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_1665 RPMI-8402 Existent T cell leukemia unknown unknown ;[9] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_1667 RS-1 Existent? megakaryoblastic leukemia K-562 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8423 Rsp Hodgkin's disease unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_M628 RT4 Existent bladder carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_0036 SA4 Virtual liposarcoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8910 SAM-1 Virtual terminal CML K-562 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8440 SBC-2 Virtual bladder carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_1677 SBC-7 Virtual bladder carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [7] CVCL_1680 SCLC-16H, -24H Virtual small cell lung carcinoma SCLC-21/22H small cell lung carcinoma [7] CVCL_X025 , CVCL_8262 SH-2 Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M622 SH-3 Virtual breast carcinoma HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M383 SPI-801, -802 Virtual T cell leukemia K-562 terminal CML [7] CVCL_2200 , CVCL_2201 SR-91 Virtual T cell leukemia AML-193 monocytic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8441 SW-527 Virtual tumor SW-480/SW-620 colon adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_3799 SW-598 Virtual tumor SW-480/SW-620 colon adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_F649 SW-608 Virtual tumor SW-480/SW-620 colon adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_F653 SW-613 Virtual tumor SW-480/SW-620 colon adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_F650 SW-732 Virtual tumor SW-480/SW-620 colon adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_F651 SW-733 Virtual tumor SW-480/SW-620 colon adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_F652 T-1 Virtual kidney HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [8] CVCL_M858 T-9 Virtual transfected somatic HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_M092 T-33 Existent? terminal CML K-562 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8427 TDL-1, TDL-2 Virtual tonsil lymphoid P3JHR-1 Burkitt's lymphoma [8] CVCL_8428 , CVCL_8429 TDL-3 Virtual tonsil lymphoid RPMI-1788 lymphoblastoid [8] CVCL_8430 TDL-4 Virtual tonsil lymphoid Raji Burkitt's lymphoma [8] CVCL_8431 TI-1 Virtual myeloblastic leukemia K-562 terminal CML Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_L806 TMM terminal CML unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid [9] CVCL_1894 TuWi Virtual Wilms' Tumor HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma [10] CVCL_8275 U-937 Existent histiocytic lymphoma unknown unknown [9] CVCL_0007 UMJF-2 myeloma unknown Epstein-Barr virus -transfected B cell lymphoblastoid Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_M548 UT-7 Existent histiocytic lymphoma unknown unknown [9] CVCL_2233 UTMB-460 Virtual B cell CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8276 WISH Virtual amnion HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_1909 Wong-Kilbourne Virtual conjunctiva HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma ;[10] Lacroix (2008) CVCL_2764 WSU-ALCL Virtual Anaplastic large cell lymphoma CCRF-CEM T cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_A036 WSU-CLL Virtual B cell leukemia REH pre-B cell leukemia Drexler et al. (2002a) CVCL_A049 YAA Virtual monocyte U-937 histiocytic lymphoma Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8466 YAP Virtual monocyte U-937 histiocytic lymphoma Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8467 YJ Virtual monocytic leukemia HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia Drexler et al. (2003) CVCL_8931
Contaminated non-human cell lines [ edit ] ^ The original citation was ambiguous on which of these citations was being referenced, so both have been added here. ^ The citations of this article contain some papers on how common contaminates can be recognized. ^ An updated list can be obtained from International Cell Line Authentication Committee website.[5] References [ edit ] ^ Jill Neimark (27 February 2015). "Line of attack" . Science . 347 (6225): 938–940. Bibcode :2015Sci...347..938N . doi :10.1126/science.347.6225.938 . PMID 25722392 . ^ Masters, John R. (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly". Nature Reviews Cancer . 2 (4): 315–319. doi :10.1038/nrc775 . ISSN 1474-175X . PMID 12001993 . S2CID 991019 . ^ Drexler, H. G.; Quentmeier, H.; Dirks, W. G.; Uphoff, C. C.; MacLeod, R. a. F. (September 2002). "DNA profiling and cytogenetic analysis of cell line WSU-CLL reveal cross-contamination with cell line REH (pre B-ALL)" . Leukemia . 16 (9): 1868–1870. doi :10.1038/sj.leu.2402610 . ISSN 1476-5551 . PMID 12200708 . ^ Drexler, Hans G.; Uphoff, Cord C.; Dirks, Willy G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F. (2002-04-01). "Mix-ups and mycoplasma: the enemies within" . Leukemia Research . 26 (4): 329–333. doi :10.1016/S0145-2126(01)00136-9 . ISSN 0145-2126 . PMID 11839374 . ^ "Database of Cross-Contaminated or Misidentified Cell Lines" (PDF) . iclac.org . January 12, 2016. Retrieved 2019-05-10 . ^ "Cellosaurus search result: 757 hits for 'problematic cell line' " . Cellosaurus . Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . The reference includes the list of linked pages in the search result. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Dirks, Wilhelm G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Drexler, Hans G. (November 1999). "ECV304 (endothelial) is really T24 (bladder carcinoma): Cell line cross-contamination at source". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal . 35 (10): 558–559. doi :10.1007/s11626-999-0091-8 . ISSN 1071-2690 . PMID 10614862 . S2CID 31347874 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Nelson-Rees, W.; Daniels, D.; Flandermeyer, R. (1981-04-24). "Cross-contamination of cells in culture". Science . 212 (4493): 446–452. Bibcode :1981Sci...212..446N . doi :10.1126/science.6451928 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 6451928 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Drexler, Hg; Dirks, Wg; MacLeod, Raf (October 1999). "False human hematopoietic cell lines: cross-contaminations and misinterpretations" . Leukemia . 13 (10): 1601–1607. doi :10.1038/sj.leu.2401510 . ISSN 0887-6924 . PMID 10516762 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Nelson-Rees, W. A.; Flandermeyer, R. R. (1976). "HeLa cultures defined". Science . 191 (4222): 96–98. Bibcode :1976Sci...191...96N . doi :10.1126/science.1246601 . PMID 1246601 . Bibliography [ edit ] Chen, TR (1988). "Re-evaluation of HeLa, HeLa S3, and HEp-2 karyotypes". Cytogenet Cell Genet . 48 (1): 19–24. doi :10.1159/000132579 . PMID 3180844 . Dirks, Willy G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Drexler, Hans G. (1999). "ECV304 (endothelial) is really T24 (bladder carcinoma): cell line cross-contamination at source". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology . 35 (10): 558–559. doi :10.1007/s11626-999-0091-8 . PMID 10614862 . S2CID 31347874 . Drexler, Hans G.; Dirks, Willy G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F. (1999). "False human hematopoietic cell lines: cross-contaminations and misinterpretations" . Leukemia . 13 (10): 1601–1607. doi :10.1038/sj.leu.2401510 . PMID 10516762 . Drexler, Hans G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Dirks, Willy G. (2001). "Cross-contamination: HS-Sultan is not a myeloma but a Burkitt lymphoma cell line" (PDF) . Blood . 98 (12): 3495–3496. doi :10.1182/blood.v98.12.3495 . PMID 11732505 . S2CID 42238147 . Drexler, Hans G.; Quentmeier, H.; Dirks, Willy G.; Uphoff, Cord C.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F. (2002a). "DNA profiling and cytogenetic analysis of cell line WSU-CLL reveal cross-contamination with cell line REH (pre B-ALL)" . Leukemia . 16 (9): 1868–1870. doi :10.1038/sj.leu.2402610 . PMID 12200708 . Drexler, Hans G.; Uphoff, Cord C.; Dirks, Willy G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F. (2002b). "Mix-ups and mycoplasma: the enemies within". Leukemia Research . 26 (4): 329–333. doi :10.1016/S0145-2126(01)00136-9 . PMID 11839374 . Drexler, Hans G.; Dirks, Willy G.; Matsuo, Y.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F. (2003). "False leukemia–lymphoma cell lines: an update on over 500 cell lines" . Leukemia . 17 (2): 416–426. doi :10.1038/sj.leu.2402799 . PMID 12592342 . Lacroix, Marc (2008). "Persistent use of "false" cell lines" . International Journal of Cancer . 122 (1): 1–4. doi :10.1002/ijc.23233 . PMID 17960586 . Liscovitch, Mordechai; Ravid, Dana (January 2007). "A case study in misidentification of cancer cell lines: MCF-7/AdrR cells (re-designated NCI/ADR-RES) are derived from OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells". Cancer Letters . 245 (1–2): 350–352. doi :10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.013 . PMID 16504380 . MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Dirks, Willy G.; Drexler, Hans G. (1997a). "Early Contamination of the Dami Cell Line by HEL" . Blood . 90 (7): 2850–2851. doi :10.1182/blood.v90.7.2850.2850_2850_2850 . PMID 9326259 . MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Dirks, Willy G.; Reid, Y. A.; Hay, R. J.; Drexler, Hans G. (1997b). "Identity of original and late passage Dami megakaryocytes with HEL erythroleukemia cells shown by combined cytogenetics and DNA fingerprinting" . Leukemia . 11 (12): 2032–2038. doi :10.1038/sj.leu.2400868 . PMID 9447816 . MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Dirks, Willy G.; Matsuo, Y.; Kaufmann, M.; Milch, H.; Drexler, Hans G. (1999). "Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source" . International Journal of Cancer . 83 (4): 555–563. doi :10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-2 . PMID 10508494 . Masters, John R (2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly". Nature Reviews Cancer . 2 (4): 315–319. doi :10.1038/nrc775 . PMID 12001993 . S2CID 991019 . Nelson-Rees, W. A.; Flandermeyer, R. R. (1976). "HeLa cultures defined". Science . 191 (4222): 96–98. Bibcode :1976Sci...191...96N . doi :10.1126/science.1246601 . PMID 1246601 . Nelson-Rees, W. A.; Daniels, D. W.; Flandermeyer, R. R. (1981). "Cross-contamination of cells in culture". Science . 212 (4493): 446–452. Bibcode :1981Sci...212..446N . doi :10.1126/science.6451928 . PMID 6451928 . Unger, Ronald E.; Krump-Konvalinkova, V.; Peters, K.; Kirkpatrick, C. J. (2002). "In Vitro Expression of the Endothelial Phenotype: Comparative Study of Primary Isolated Cells and Cell Lines, Including the Novel Cell Line HPMEC-ST1.6R". Microvascular Research . 64 (3): 384–397. doi :10.1006/mvre.2002.2434 . PMID 12453433 . External links [ edit ]